Module 4 - Health And Clinical Flashcards
According to the World Health Organisation (WHO) health is more than just the absence of ____
Disease or infirmity
The distribution and causes (eitology) of disease in a population, based on an investigation of the physical and social environment is the field of what?
Health epidemiology
Incidence is the number of ___ cases whereas, prevalence is the number of __ cases.
New; existing
A DALY is a what?
Disability adjusted life year. It equals one year of ‘healthy life’ lost due to a disease or injury
What is increasing at the fastest morbidity rate in Australia?
Diabetes
Which group suffers the biggest inequalities in Australia?
Indigenous Australians
Treating and managing an existing disease or health problem so as to lessen its impact on the individual is an example of which type of prevention?
Tertiary
What are the features of a good theory? (3)
Logical
Falsifiable
Consistent
Neurotransmitter dysfunction is an example of the __ perspective to psychopathology.
Biological?
Hallucinations are the perceptions, and delusions are the ___. Both are inconsistent with reality.
Beliefs
Paranoid schizophrenia is induced by chronic treatment with amphetamine, a drug that releases ___.
Dopamine
What is the most common mental disorder?
Anxiety
Anorexia is characterised by individuals ___ themselves.
Starving
Which personality disorder is characterised by unstable interpersonal relationships, mood swings and self-harm?
Borderline personality disorder
What are the problems with the DSM-V?
Labelling
___ model of health has a reductionist view; ___ model has a holistic view.
Biomedical; biopsychosocial
Which model of health sees health as a continuum?
Biopsychosocial
What are the levels of influence consistent with an ecological perspective? (3)
Individual or intrapersonal
Interpersonal
Community
What are the features of the Health Belief model in the individual level? (6)
Perceived susceptibility (vulnerability) Perceived severity Perceived benefits Perceived barriers Cues to action Self-efficacy
What are the features of the Stages of Change model in the individual level? (5)
Pre contemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance
What are the features of the Diffusion of Innovations theory in the community level? (5)
Innovation
Communication channel
Social system
Time
What is the Precede-Proceed model in health psychology?
A planning model for identifying intervention strategies
What is chronic illness?
Conditions that are prolonged and rarely cured.
What does secondary prevention do?
Prevent or slow the process of a disease or health problem
To determine BMI, one should calculate a person’s what?
Weight in kilograms divided by the height in metres squared
What does a obesogenic environment refer to?
Built environment
Advertising
Technology
What is the difference between an acute and chronic disease?
Acute; beginning is rapid, usually one cause, short duration, diagnosis is commonly accurate
Chronic; beginning is gradual, usually many causes, indefinite duration, often uncertain diagnosis
What are the impacts of chronic illness?
Emotional response; shock and denial, anxiety, depression, grief, blame, guilt, anger
Image, identity, relationships; body image, self-concept, sexuality, altered relationship roles
Experience of pain, stigma; drug dependence, sleep disturbance
The widespread use of childproof lids on medicine containers would be what type of prevention?
Primary
What is the most commonly held theory of health psychology today?
Biopsychosocial model of health
The single most preventable cause of illness, disability and premature death in Australia and much of the world is what?
Smoking
Most antidepressants act by increasing the amount of serotonin and/or norepinephrine within the synapse. True or false?
True
Which disorder is characterised by attacks of intense fear and feelings of doom or terror not justified by the situation and is often confused with the symptoms of a heart attack?
Panic disorder
What is health psychology?
Study of social, behavioural, cognitive and emotional factors that influence the; maintenance of health, development of illness and disease, course of illness or disease, patient’s and family’s response to illness and disease.
For the biopsychosocial model, give an example of a biological, psychological and social factor.
Bio - Genetic predisposition
Psych - Personality, cognition
Social - Culture, education
What are the two measures of epidemiology?
Time; incidence and prevalence
Mortality rates
What is health inequity? Give an example of a sub-group of Australians that experience health inequities.
Certain sub-groups of the Australian population experience ‘health’ differently; e.g. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, rural Australians, people with disability, prisoners, overseas born people
What are some of the characteristics of a useful theory?
Logical, consistent with everyday observations, similar to those used in previous successful programs, supported by past research in the same area or related ideas.
List some of the factors that contribute to health.
Age, sex and hereditary factors; individual lifestyle factors; social and community influences; living and working conditions; general socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions
How do you determine with Health theory fits best?
Use a planning model, such as Precede-Proceed; consult the research literature; pre-testing
What are the 3 levels of prevention? Give an example of each.
Primary; preventing the occurrence of the disease or health problem
Secondary; preventing or slowing the progress of a disease or health problem
Tertiary; treating or managing an exisiting disease or health problem
What is abnormality? What is abnormal psychology?
‘Away from’; study aimed at describing, explaining, predicting and modifying behaviours that are considered abnormal.
Humanism refers to the organic explanation for abnormal behaviour. True or false?
False; biological. Humanism refers to people who are sick, not possessed
What are some of the ‘myths of abnormal behaviour’?
Easily recognised as deviant; disorder due solely to inheritance; incurable; weak willed; never contribute to society; always dangerous
What are the 4 D’s?
Distress; deviance; dysfunction; danger
Define psychiatric epidemiology.
The study of the prevalence of mental illness in a society.
Define lifetime prevalence.
The % of people who have had the disorder at one time during their lives.
Provide an overview of the biological viewpoint in abnormal psychology.
Saw mental disorders as disorders of the brain; electro-convulsive theory used and abused as treatment method for those institutionalised
Provide an overview of the psychological viewpoint in abnormal psychology.
Viewed mental disorders as a product of the mind; mental disorders caused by unconscious factors (Freud)
Provide an overview of the deinstitutionalisation movement in abnormal psychology.
Belief that drugs will cure mental illness; brought about the movement towards emptying mental hospitals
What are some of the ways that psychologists can determine abnormality?
Using DSM
How does the DSM define abnormality?
A behavioural or psychological syndrome or pattern that reflects an underlying psychobiological dysfunction, is associated with distress or disability, and is not merely an expectable response to common stressors or losses.
What are some of the new disorders mentioned in the DSM-V?
caffeine withdrawal; cannabis withdrawal; premenstrual dysphoric disorder; hoarding disorder; restless less syndrome
What two disorders have been eliminated from the DSM-V?
Sexual Aversion disorder; polysubstance-related disorder
List the limitations of the DSM-V.
Definitions quite broad; when is a syndrome significant enough to have meaning; is it possible to have a mental disorder without any signs of distress or discomfort?; what criteria are to be used in assessing symptoms?; is it possible that a given behaviour is a reaction to stressor rather than common stressor?
What is clinical significance?
The extent to which a given behaviour is abnormal in terms of assessment by the 4 D’s; The behaviour involves measurable degrees of impairment; distress; risk to self or others; behaviour not socially expectable
What are some cultural considerations of abnormal psychology?
Cultural universality; assumption that origins, processes and manifestations of mental disorders are the same across cultures.
Cultural relativism; belief that lifestyles, cultural values, and worldview affect expression and determination of abnormal behaviour
What are cognitive-behavioural approaches and cognitive-behavioural therapy?
Rational emotive behavioural therapy; people typically think that an event causes them to behave a certain way but beliefs matter; A (acting event) -> B (belief) -> C (consequence).
Focus on addressing problems that patient wishes to solve; often clients are assigned homework
What is ECT?
Electro-convulsive therapy; tried electrical current passed through the brain causing a convulsive seizure.
Define anxiolytic medications.
Drugs to control autonomic arousal
Define Schizophrenia.
Psychotic disorder involving disturbance of though, emotion and behaviour.
What does the term positive symptoms mean in relation to schizophrenia?
Involves excesses or distortions; hallucinations and delusions
What does the term negative symptoms mean in relation to schizophrenia?
absence of behaviours; avolition - lack of energy; alogia - reduction in speech; anhedonia - inability to experience pleasure; asociality - impairment in social relationships
What are the DSM-V categories of schizophrenia?
Disorganised; speech and flat affect
Catatonic; motor inability
Paranoid; delusions
What is the etiology of schizophrenia?
Genetic studies using twin, family and adoption techniques to reveal that a predisposition for schizophrenia is transmitted genetically.
What are some alternative views of schizophrenia?
Humanistic explanation; escape to real self
What therapies are available for schizophrenia patients?
Psychosurgery.
Drug therapies; antipsychotic medications that block dopamine receptors, reduce agitation, violent behaviour and other emotional and behavioural excesses
Melanie has devised an app that promotes healthy eating and active lifestyles as an attempt to reduce the number of people that are developing obesity. Melanie’s idea is an example of which type of prevention?
Primary prevention
Finding ways to care for cancer patients is an example of a ___ tertiary intervention.
Tertiary
Prevalence can be defined as?
The % of people who have had the disorder at one time during their lives.
Risk factors are?
Any factors that increase the likelihood of negative outcomes.
Late maturation of the ____ maps well with slow maturation of ____ or goal-directed behaviour.
Frontal lobes; executive functions
There is very large variability in developmental patterns…
Across different brain areas, across different areas of functioning (e.g. cognitive, social, emotional), between different individuals
The developmental psychopathology framework emphasises what?
There are multiple pathways of development.
