Module 3 - Social, Organisational and Intercultural (including Indigenous) Flashcards
What percentage of participants continued to administer shocks to the highest level of 450V in Milgram’s (1963) experiment?
65%
Obedience from Milgram’s experiment dropped when what happened? (4)
The experimenter gave his orders over the telephone; the experimenter delegated his authority to a second participant, known as a confederate; the experiment was carried out in a less scientific environment; the proximity of victim to participant
Which stages are consistent with the stage theory of team development? (5)
Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning
What are the phases of change in the organisational stages model? (3)
Unfreezing
Freezing
Refreezing
What are type of teams? (5)
Work Project Management Action and performing Cross-functional
What does companionate love involve? (3)
Deep affection, friendship, and emotional intimacy
The idea that proximity breeds affection is dependent on what?
Familiarity
Jimmy is doing an experiment on choosing pictures of people based on attraction. He chooses pictures of people from his own race based on his own preferences for attraction but he goes out of way to include people from a different race even though he doesn’t actually find them attraction. He does this because the experimenter has hinted that they expect racial boundaries have decreased. Jimmy’s behaviour is due to what?
Demand characteristics
What is the link between the evolutionary perspective and proximity in relationships?
People who are familiar are likely to be safe, and they are likely to be relatives or alliance partners.
What are the phases of change in the employee stages model? (5)
Denial Defense Discarding Adaption Internalisation
What is the difference between the social exchange theory and the communal theory?
Exchange - based on immediate reciprocity
Communal - delayed response, i.e. birthday present
Developing negative feelings towards someone we initially liked when living in close proximity to others, we see their good and bad habits and qualities. What is this known as?
Environmental spoiling
What is the link between the behaviourist perspective and interpersonal relationships?
The more people who associate a relationship with reward, the more likely they are to affiliate.
Why do people tend to choose acquaintances based/not based on similarity?
Similarity between individuals means that there are shared attitudes, values and interests involved. Those who do not choose acquaintances based on similarity prefer those who compliment their own resources, needs or behavioural style; e.g. dominant people tend to prefer to interact with those who are more submissive.
What is the matching hypothesis?
Choosing partners that they perceive to be equally attractive to themselves, not necessarily the most beautiful or handsome.
What does the agentic shift refer to?
The lessor in a hierarchical system does not accept responsibility, however, allocates this to an individual higher in the organisation
What are the four types of research participant?
Good - responds in ways they think researcher needs
Negativistic - sabotage
Apprehensive - portray self in good light
Faithful - remains neutral and objective
By calculating the positives and negatives of a relationship and considering leaving the relationship for another, which theory is bing displayed?
Social exchange theory
We tend to categorise people into groups. For example, we label people are Punk Rockers, Surfers, Conservatives. This falls into the area of what?
Social cognition
Prior to Milgram’s experiment, what percentage of normal people did professional psychiatrists predict would go to high levels of shock?
Around 1% of people
What are demand characteristics? (5)
The totality of cues which convey an experimental hypothesis to the subject; gossip about the research, research setting, implicit and explicit research instructions, research procedure, researcher’s body language
The researcher’s nonverbal behaviour may give away clues about how the participant is expected to respond. This is called what?
The experimenter expectancy effect.
What are the 5 theories of interpersonal attraction?
Reinforcement-affect model
Attribution of arousal - physiological, situational
Physical attractiveness - balance theory (good things go with good things), beautiful-is-good stereotype (positive characteristics), self-enhancement
Similarity - demographic, attitudinal
Physical proximity - living nearby
Familiarity
What are the types of rewards referred to in the social exchange theory? (6) (Foa & Foa)
Goods, information, love, money, services, status
What is organisational psychology?
The study of people at work
What interdisciplinary relationships does organisational psychology have? (4)
Personality, social, clinical and cognitive psychology
What interdisciplinary relationships does organisational psychology have? (4)
Management, human resources, business administration, marketing communications
When identifying talent, what measures do an organisational psychologists use? (5)
Interviews, psychometrics, biodata, work samples, assessment centres
What is the course of stress?
The stimulus; the process; the outcome; stress results when perceived stressor exceeds perceived resources available
Chronic activation of the sympathetic nervous system is a consequence of what?
Stress
What is a team?
A collection of three or more individuals who interact intensively to provide an organisational product, plan, decision or service
What is the difference between the focus on McClelland’s need theory and ERG theory?
McClelland - need for achievement, affiliation, power
ERG - growth, relatedness, existence
ERG theory is more focused on the human psychological existence and expanding on that
What is the trait approach in organisational psychology?
The idea that leadership is determined by personality traits
What is one of the major differences between transactional and transformational leadership?
Transactional - task-orientated
Transformational - relationship-orientated
What percentage of change initiatives fail?
60-70%
When getting upset at emails from a supervisor, the manager explains that the emails are being misinterpreted. This is a breakdown in communication, due to a reduction of what?
Channel Richness
There are many personality clashes at work. When being best at getting the group to work cooperatively, this displays which characteristics?
Social-emotional leaders
What type of tests mostly associate with organisational psychology?
Personality tests
In __ cultures, time limits are treated seriously and deadlines are always met. In contrast, __ cultures time commitments are considered flexible and deadlines are not always meet.
Monochromic; polychronic
Wanting your children to be independent relates to which kind of culture?
Individualistic
What is culture?
Refers to the shared rules that govern the behaviour of a group of people and enables the members of that group to co-exist and survive.
What do we often forget about science, psychology, and social psychology?
They are culturally determined and traditionally mono-culturally determined
What is the difference between emic and etic (Entirety)?
Emic - different ways in which psychological processes and behaviours are carried out within different cultures, e.g. different clothing, eating
Etic - universal psychological processes and behaviours, eg. mating, communication
What does WEIRD refer to?
Westernised, educated, industrialised, rich, democratic
What is the focus of a collectivistic culture?
Self is defined in relationship to the group
What are the measures of individualism/collectivism? (4)
Self-reliance
Distance from in-groups
Family integrity
Interdependence
Social psychology was said to exist in various types of psychology. Name these 4 types of psychology.
Cognitive
Personality
Social anthropology
Sociology
What is the definition of the social cognition meta-theory in social psychology?
Apply the principles of cognitive psychology to social processes.
What is the definition of the motivational meta-theory in social psychology?
Explain social processes in terms of movies; e.g. the need for self-esteem, the need for self-consistency.
What is the definition of the sociocultural meta-theory in social psychology?
Take account of cultural variations in social behaviour.
What is the definition of the evolutionary social psychology meta-theory?
Apply the principles of evolution to social behaviour.
Name an example of applied social psychology.
Health psychology; organisational psychology; educational psychology; sports psychology
There are various research methods used by social psychologists. What are these research methods?
Archival research
Correlational research
Observational research; natural observation, participant observation
Experimental research; field experiments, laboratory experiments
There are various ways to deal with demand characteristics. List these 6 methods.
- Deception
- Post-experimental questionnaires
- Unobtrusive manipulations and measures
- Allow participants to respond anonymously
- Do not inform the person who has contact with the participants about the research hypotheses
- Minimise interpersonal contact between the researcher and the participant
There were three theoretical explanations of obedience stated in relation to Milgram’s experiment. What are these?
Sociocultural perspective; we learn to obey authority and except to encounter legitimate, trustworthy authority
Binding factors; diverse cues and perceptions create psychological barriers to disobedience
Responsibility; we do not take responsibility for our own actions
What are the 3 key indicators of motivation?
Intensity
Direction
Persistence
What is the definition of Maslow’s Need Hierarchy?
Individuals will achieve self-actualisation after they have satisfied lower level needs; physiological needs, safety and security, love and belonging, and self-esteem.
What are the 3 leadership theories?
Trait approach
Behavioural approach
Context approach
Transactional vs. transformational leadership style
Kinship groups in the Torres Strait are led by an elder or group of elders who gained leadership status on the basis of what?
Age
Accomplishments
Social standing
What are the characteristics of laissez-faire leadership?
Laid back - lets things happen
What are the characteristics of an autocratic leader?
Makes all the decisions
What are the characteristics of a democratic leader?
Engaged with the group but encouraged group members to make own decisions.
What is culture defined as?
The shared rules the govern the behaviour of a group of people and enables the members of that group to co-exist and survive.
“Research studies do not take place in a cultural vacuum” (Tajfel, 1981); what does this quote mean?
Participants interpret and respond to research material in terms of their culture.
What is emic analysis?
Focus on the different ways in which psychological processes and behaviours are carried out within different cultures; e.g. differences in eating behaviour
What is etic analysis?
Focus on universal psychological processes and behaviours; e.g. eating and mating behaviours
Is there evidence for cross-cultural validity about obedience?
Milgram (USA, 1963) - 65%
Mantell (Germany, 1971) - 85%
Miranda et al. (Spain, 1981) - 90%+
What are some of the methodological challenges of cross-cultural psychology research?
Equivalence of research methods; equivalence of participants samples; results interpretability; researcher biases; issues sensitivity
What is the difference between an individualist and a collectivist approach?
Individualist; ‘You are stupid’
Collectivist; ‘Your sister is a cow’
Describe the Triandis et al. (1986) study and their main results.
Self-reliance; distance from in-groups; family integrity; interdependence.
Participants from collectivist cultures scored higher on ‘family integrity’, ‘interdependence’, and lower on ‘distance from in-groups’. Contrary to predictions, participants from collectivist cultures scored higher on ‘self-reliance’.
Are there gender differences in self-construal?
Women are more likely to describe themselves in terms of their connectedness to others.
Describe the independence-interdependence theoretical model.
Independent self-construal; conception of the self as an autonomous, independent person, separate from others.
Interdependent self-construal; conception of the self as exisiting in relationships with others.
Describe the tripartite model of the self theoretical model.
Individual; traits, self-interest
Interpersonal; roles, reflection, other’s benefit
Group; collective, collective welfare
What is Aboriginal psychology?
Study of the psychological processes of Australian Aboriginal peoples
What are some of the indices of Aboriginal marginalisation?
Health - Shorter life expectancy; higher rates of illness, death, injury; lower life quality.
Education - lower levels of literacy and numeracy; lower attendance and retention rates; inadequate provision of adult and continuing education
Social Justice - higher rates of imprisonment; higher rate of unemployment; lower income and home ownership
Evolutionary theory dominated the early studies of Aboriginal people. True or false?
True
Explain early comparative research and contemporary comparative research.
Early; inferior to European, biased IQ testing, drawing and writing skills, craniology assessments
Contemporary; perception of time, communication styles, kinship systems, alcohol consumption and suicide.
Emic analysis rather than etic.
Describe the individual-collectism theoretical model of cross-culture.
Individualism vs. collectivism; cultural orientation towards perceiving the self and others as individuals or as group members
Idiocentrism vs. allocentrism; personality variable - parallels that individual-collectism distinction
How do you identify as an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person?
- A person of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander decent
- Who identifies as such
- Is accepted as such by the community in which they live
What is the difference between Aboriginal and Western Australians in relation to identity?
Aboriginal - where is your land?
Western - what is your job?
What is the principle behind Aboriginal Kinship systems?
‘Equivalence of same-sex sibling’; fathers brother is seen as father as well
What were Aboriginals believed to be when the Europeans settled in Australia?
Humans stuck in the past, slower evolutionary process.
Is there a difference in interpersonal space between cultures?
YES; difference between intimate space, social and consultative space and public space
Are there many Aboriginal nations?
There are over 250 Aboriginal nations only in mainland Australia with distant languages and identities.
What does Aboriginal heritage include?
Core spiritual values, a strong connection to land and see, family relationships and kinship, a shared history of colonialism and oppression
What was the early evidence that was interpreted ethnocentrically and reflected Aboriginal inferiority?
Craniology assessment; sensation; perception; pain; memory; fatigue; muscle power and accuracy; drawing and writing; intellectual assessment (IQ)
What is enculturation?
The process of absorbing and internalising the rules of the culture we live in.
What is the connection between cultural psychology vs. cross-cultural psychology and the etic and emic perspectives?
Cultural (emic); study the ways in which people are affected by the culture they live in
Cross-cultural (etic); compare the similarities and differences in behaviour across different societies or cultures, e.g. do Kohlberg’s levels of moral reasoning resonate universally?
What are the six values that underpin the guidelines for ethical conduct of research with Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders?
Reciprocity, respect, equality, responsibility, survival and protection, and spirit and integrity
What is culture shock?
The feeling of disorientation and anxiety that occurs as people from one culture encounter and adapt to the practices, rules and expectations of another culture.
What are the four stages of culture shock?
Honeymoon phase - initial excitement
Disenchantment phase - disillusionment and even hostility towards the new culture as values and habits conflict with local attitudes and beliefs
Beginning resolution phase - recovery as confidence and understanding grows
Effective functioning stage - adjustment as the individual learns how to fit into the new cultural environment
What is ethnocentrism?
Occurs when a person’s culture influences the way they view the rest of the world
Kinship groups in the Torres Strait are led by an elder or group of elders who gained leadership status on the basis of what?
Age
Accomplishments
Social standing
