Module 2 - Individual Differences Flashcards
My brother is really good with identifying different plants. According to Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence, my brother has which type of intelligence?
Naturalistic
Tests that quantify psychological attributes (such as personality traits or intellectual abilities) are referred to as what?
Psychometric instruments
If I want to give an intelligence test to Lauren, my 8 year-old niece, I should give her the what?
WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)
“My girlfriend performs superbly in school and yet is highly questionable in terms of her social skills and movement (she is definitely lacking in coordination). Whose theory of intelligence would most accurately capture her intelligence?
Gardner
Freud became interested in personality because of his experience with patients suffering from what?
Hysteria
According to Freud, the genital phase of development is characterised by what?
Mature sexuality and relationships
As a child, Mary-Rose learns to believe that she is only a good girl if she does what her mum says and follows the rules, like washing up before dinner, and putting away her toys. According to Rogers, she is most likely developing what?
Conditions of worth
“I’m participating in some psychological testing, and the psychologist gives me a test with ambiguous (unclear) stimulus and asks me to put meaning in it.” Which test is this?
Projective test
Who introduced the term mental age?
Binet
What is the IQ formula?
IQ = (Mental Age/Chronological Age) x 100
What does WAIS stand for?
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
What is one standard deviation equal to on the distribution of IQ scores?
15
What does Spearman’s One Factor Theory consist of?
Intelligence consists of a general factor of ability call g-factor with sub categories; specific abilities called s-factors.
What does Cattell’s two factor theory consist of?
Two general intelligence factors;
- Fluid intelligence: GF - intellectual capacities are used in information processing
- Crystallised intelligence: Gc - content, what the person knows
Identify the 7 intelligences of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences.
Musical - sensitivity to sound and rhythm
Bodily - control body movements, manipulate objects
Spatial - perceive accurate spatial relationships
Linguistic - sensitivity to word sounds and meaning
Logical/mathematical - scientific analysis, math logic
Intra-personal - self-understanding of strengths and weaknesses
Interpersonal - manage others, read and use emotions
What does Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence consist of?
Analytical intelligence - ability to put together the mental processing components when applying intelligence to IQ test type problems and academic settings
Creative intelligence - ability to come up with new ideas
Practical intelligence - ability to deal with everyday problems and come up with common sense solutions
What were the two intelligences, added later, of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?
Naturalistic - understand patterns in nature
Spiritual/existential - focus on the spiritual, meaning in life
What are the differences between IQ scores of Monozygotic, Dizygotic twins, siblings, and adoptive parent-child?
Identical twins (.86) score as similarly as the same person (.87) taking the test on two occasions. The environment appears to have a substantial impact, as dizygotic twins (.62) and siblings (.41) have the same degree of relatedness but different IQ correlations. IQ of adoptive parents has little association with the IQ of their adopted children (.16).
According to Allport, what is personality?
Active/powerful/dynamic organisation within the individual that determine their unique adjustments to the environment
What is ‘folk’ psychology?
The more you know someone the better your ‘measure’ of their personality.
You ‘measure’ personality all the time. Is that person cold or warm? He/she would (not) do that.
What are projective tests largely based on?
Psychodynamic approach - Sigmund Freud.
What are ‘the Big 5’? (OCEAN) (Current dominant approach)
Openness vs. close-minded Conscientiousness vs. tolerant of disorder Extraversion vs. introversion Agreeableness vs. antagonistic Neuroticism vs. emotional stability
What did Eysenck campaign for?
Two dimensional model of personality; two ‘super traits’
- extraversion vs. introversion
- neuroticism vs. emotional stability
What are the key assumptions in trait theory?
Individuals can be described in terms of traits. Personalities are stable over time and contexts.
Behaviour is determined by characteristics of the situation rather than by the characteristics of the person. What is this known as?
Situationism/Behaviourism
What is the model called where conditions must be met for a behaviour to occur?
Social-cognitive model
What is the internal conflict theory of personality about? (Psychodynamic approach)
Id - basically biological urges
Ego - socially acceptable ways
Superego - adopts social values
When repression is not always successful, what occurs?
‘Leakage’ (into consciousness) of forbidden desires can occur, and creates anxiety
When referring to the oral stage (0-18 months), which theory of development is being referred to?
Psychosexual development
In which ways can repressed thoughts, feelings and motivations appear in consciousness, however, in disguise?
Slips of the tongue, forgetting, inappropriate emotional reactions, dreams, myths
Healthy humans seek growth and reach their potential as humans. This is referring to which kind of approach?
Humanistic - we do more than just react to, or avoid anxiety
Rorschach’s Inkblot test is used to study what?
Personality
What are objective tests used to measure and how do they work?
Personality; usually a series of statements with a response scale
What is the lexical approach to personality testing?
Allport and Odbert - extracted 18,000 personality words from a dictionary
Personality dimensions (traits) are usually what?
Normally distributed and bi-polar
What does the Wechslar intelligence scale distinguish between?
Verbal and nonverbal intelligence?
Monozygotic twins are ___ meaning they have ___ whereas, dizygotic twins are __ meaning they have __.
Identical; same genes; fraternal; similar genes
Validity refers to how well an intelligence tests’ ____________ and reliability is the test’s _________
Ability to correctly measure intelligence; consistently derive the same IQ results across tests.
The psychometric test is a devised test to measure what?
a person’s level of cognitive ability relative to others in a population?
A person’s score is only meaningful when compared to the population, this reflects the notion of ___
standardisation
Cattell, utilising the lexical approach to personality, found how many personality dimensions?
16
“I believe art is important” is a question in Goldberg’s IPIP that measures which of the big 5 traits?
openness
Extroverts have higher or lower arousal thresholds according to Hans Eysenck?
Higher; introverts react more strongly to external stimuli
The unconscious part of the mind contains repressed memories, is consistent with the ___ approach to psychology.
Psychodynamic
Eating, drinking, eliminating, sex and aggression are all contained within which of the following; ID, EGO, SUPEREGO?
ID
Bandura is the theorist behind the ___ approach.
Social learning theory.
Historically, intelligence testing was development before or after theories of intelligence?
Before
How did Francis Galton define and measure intelligence?
Saw intelligence in terms of physical characteristics such as height, weight, head length. His tests included lung capacity and highest audible tone
How did Binet define and measure intelligence?
Binet’s scale was created which included 58 activities ordered from easiest to hardest. Saw intelligence in relation to problem-solving abilities
How did Ternman measure intelligence?
Further developed the Binet Scale; developed the IQ formula to give intelligence as a single, age related number
What are group administered IQ tests and what are some of the problems with them?
Paper and pencil tests; difficult not to have a bias due to language skills required
What was the eugenics movement?
Families graded in relation to health, their churchgoing, hobbies, etc. Families with a low grade should be discouraged or prevented from having children
What are each of the four subscales of the WAIS?
Verbal comprehension, processing speed, perceptual reasoning, working memory
What is the difference between reliability and validity?
Reliability; score consistency over time
Validity; does the test measure what it says it measures?
What is the information-processing approach?
Processes that underlie intelligent behaviour rather than the quantity basic abilities; speed of processing, knowledge base, ability to acquire and apply mental processes
What is the Flynn effect?
In industrialised countries IQ seems to be increasing by 3 points every 10 years
What is personality?
Persona types
What does it mean if a score is ‘standardised’?
A person’s score is meaningful only when compared to other people
What are projective tests? Give an example.
‘Project’ personality on to a neutral stimuli; e.g. word association test, Rorschach Inkblot test
The validity of projective tests is generally poor. Why are projective tests still used by clinicians?
Can be insightful for individual clinicians by getting client to open up
What is the current, and most popular, approach to personality?
The Big 5; OCEAN
LOOK OVER “KEY LEARNING POINTS”
Miles Bore generally bases his exam questions off his ‘key learning points’.
What are the characteristics of the social-cognitive approach? (Personality)
Combination of learning and cognition; behaviour attempted by an observer
What are the characteristics of the humanistic approach to personality?
We do more than just react to, or avoid, anxiety. Develops in childhood as a result of unconditional positive reward
Intellectual impairment may be classified when a person shows multiple deficits in living and has an IQ score of what?
Below 70
Twin, family and adoption studies have many benefits. These include what?
Identifying genetic factors in intellectual ability; isolation genetic and environmental factors; controlling for the environmental differences between twins
Giftedness is often attributed to an IQ in excess of what?
150
In Milgram’s study the ‘learner’ was?
An actor who never received a shock
