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Clin Vet Parasitol > Module 4: Food Animal Parasites > Flashcards

Module 4: Food Animal Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Lice Info

A
  • All life stages completed on the host
  • Host-Specific
  • Short period of survival of host
  • Worst infestations in winter
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2
Q

Types of Lice

A
  • Suckling (feed on blood)
  • Chewing/Bite (feed of skin and debris)
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3
Q

Lice life cycle

A
  • Female- Lay eggs; glued to hair
  • Egg hatch- nymph (1-2wks)
  • Nymph feeds- Molt (3-5x)- Adult
  • Sexually mature adults, eggs produced
  • Time 4-6 wks
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4
Q

Clinical Sings of Lice

A
  • Pruritis
  • Hair loss
  • Anemia
  • Ill-thrift
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5
Q

Suckling Lice Location

A
  • Poll
  • Nose
  • Eyes
  • Neck/brisket
  • Withers
  • Tail
  • Axillary/inguinal
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6
Q

Chewing/Biting Lice Location

A
  • Neck
  • Withers
  • Tailhead
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7
Q

Lice Treatment

A
  • Mostly topycal insecticide
  • Suckling lice may need injectable (avermectin)
  • Re-treat in two weeks

Pig Lice can be mistaken with ticks due to the extreme engorment

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8
Q

Ticks Info

A
  • Arachnids
  • Obligate blood feeders
  • Ixodidae family
  • Argasidae family
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9
Q

Ticks are vectors for…?

Name two

A
  • Babesia
  • Anaplasma

Blood loss on secere infestation

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10
Q

Mites Info

A
  • Most important in food animals
  • Complete life cycle on host
  • Feed on skin/secretions
  • Servere dermatitis (Mange)
  • Can cause secundary pioderma
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11
Q

Clinical Signs for Mites

A
  • None
  • Hair loss
  • Thickened Skin
  • Numerous pustules
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12
Q

Diagnosis for Mites

A
  • Skin Scraping (Deep/Superficial)
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13
Q

Chorioptes

Mites

A
  • Common in Camelids
  • Distribution: Scrotum, Lower limbs and Abdomen
  • CS: Alopecia, Erythema, Excoriation, Crust, Pruritis
  • Important: Has an oval body with short first pair of legs
  • Treatment: Lime sulfur (strong smell) and Avermectins
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14
Q

Sarcoptes

Mites

A
  • 10-17 days (Females burrow under skin)
  • Can survive of host
  • Distribution: Skin around eyes and ears
  • CS: Intense pruritis, Chronic hyperpigmentation/liquenification and weight loss/ill-thrift
  • Important: Round head and body with long non-jointed stalks for first pair of legs
  • Treatment: Lime sulfur and Avermectins

This is a zoonoic disease.

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15
Q

Psoroptes

Mites

A
  • Common in sheeps
  • 2 weeks, highly contagius and reportable disease
  • Can survive of host 3 weeks
  • Distribution: Trunk, heavily wooled areas (sheep) and ears (goats)
  • CS: Intense pruritis, alopecia, self-trauma, papules/crusting/mattting of wool, head shaking
  • Important: Oval body with elongated head
  • Treatment: Lime sulfur and Ivermectin
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16
Q

Demodex

Mites

A
  • Cant life of host very long
  • May be part of normal fauna of skin
  • Distribution in Cattle: Neck, front limbs, eyelids, vulva and scrotum
  • Distribution in Sheep/Goats: Meibomian and sebaceous glans and hair follicles
  • Important: Cigar shaped mutha fkers!
  • CS: Severe folliculitis with secundary pyoderma
  • Treatment: Weekly dips, malathion, trichlorfon, or amitraz. Additionally avermectin.
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17
Q

Raillietia auris

Mites

A
  • Ear mites
  • Not usually pathogenic, unless it is a secundary infection
  • CS: Head shaking, unilateral facial nerve paralysis, vestibular ataxia
  • Treatment: Topical flumethrin
  • Important: They have long legs originating from anterior body
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18
Q

Flies are classified as…?

A
  • Non-myiasis
  • Myasis
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19
Q

Haematobia irritans

Horn Fly

Non-myiasis

A
  • Blood sucking fly
  • Distribution: Back/shoulders and underbelly
  • Threshhold: >200 flies/cow
  • Vector for bacterial miningitis
  • Intermediate host for Nematodes
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20
Q

Stomoxys calcitrans

Stable Fly

Non-myiasis

A
  • Blood sucking fly
  • Distribution: Ventrum and legs
  • Threshhold: >5/cow
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21
Q

Musca autumnalis

Face fly

Non-myiasis

A
  • Eats secretions from eyes and nose
  • Threshold: >15/face
  • Vector for Pink eye
  • Intermediate host for Theliazia eyeworm
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22
Q

Myiasis Flies

A
  • Flies lay their eggs in hair of distal limbs
  • Larvae penetrates the skin
  • Larvae migrate dorsally through the body
  • Appear under skin dorsum (remains for 1-2 months)
  • Larvae emerge through breathing pores and pulpates on ground
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23
Q

Myiasis Flies are treated with….?

A
  • Macrocyclic lactones
  • Ivermectin
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24
Q

Hypoderma lineatum

Myiasis Flies

A
  • Common in Bovine
  • Accumulate around esophagus
  • CS: Dysphagia and respiratory distress

“Esophagus is linear and H. lineatum affects it!”

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25
Q

Hypoderma bovis

Myiasis Flies

A
  • Common in Bovine
  • Commonly seen in Ohio
  • Accumulate around spinal canal
  • CS: Ataxia and recumbency
26
Q

Cochliomyia hominivorax

Myiasis Flies

A
  • New World Screworm
  • Iridescent green/blue body
  • Larvae eats live tissue
  • Erradicated from US using male sterile flies to mingle with the infected females
  • Reportable disease in USA
27
Q

Oestrus Ovis

Sheep Nasal Bot

A
  • Females leg eggs on nostrils
  • Can overwinter in nostrils
  • Third stage larvae in frontal sinus
  • Sheep sneeze to release larvae
  • Pupate on ground
  • Treament: Ivermectin
28
Q

Black flies

Simulidae family

A
  • Common in Cattle
  • Can cause significant bood loss
  • Simuliotoxicosis: bioactive saliary factors that can cause an anaphylaxis reaction on host
  • Vector for vestibular stomatitis virus
  • Vector for filarial Nematodes
  • May cause odd behavior in animals due too lo mucho que joden
  • Treatment: Streams with Bacillus thruriengiensis
29
Q

Melophagus ovinus

Keds

A
  • Brown wingless flies
  • Blood suckling flies
  • Entire life cycle on host
  • Survives <1 weeks of host
  • Peak on winter/early spring
  • Treatment: Shearing (afeitar sheep), Dip/spray/powder to kill larvae
  • Prevention: Treat before shearing and shearing before lambing
30
Q

Culicoides

Biting midges

A
  • Tiny smooth flies
  • Adults are crepuscuar and nocturnal
  • Breed in semi/aquatic habitats
  • Females are hematophagus (sucks blood like all female species)
  • Very painful bite
  • Vector for Bluetongue, Epizootic hemorrahage disease and vestibular stomatitis virus
  • Prevention: environmental management, insecticides, barn animals at dusk
31
Q

Protozoa Info

A

Find for yourself!

32
Q

Which Protozoas are of importance in the industry? (Cattle and Cammelids)

A
  • Eimeria
  • Giardia
  • Cryptosporidium
  • Anaplasma
33
Q

Coccidia

A
  • Eimeria spp. in LA
  • Cystisospora spp. in SA
  • Host-specific
  • Obligate intracellular
  • Acute and chronic damage to host
34
Q

Eimeria spp. life cycle

A
  1. Sporulated oocyst (infectious)
  2. Sporozoites enterocytes
  3. Sexual reproduction: Merozoites and Gamonts fertilize eah other
  4. Oocyst passed in feces
35
Q

Epidemiology of Eimeria spp.

A
  • 3 weeks of age or older
  • Partial, non-sterile immunity
  • High prevalence in livestock (USA)
  • High stocking density of animals
  • Poor hygiene
36
Q

Clinical signs of Eimeria spp.

A
  • Older animals: None or Diarrhea
  • Young: Diarrhea +/- blood, tenesmus, hypoglicemia, wheight loss +/- appetite loss
37
Q

Diagnosis of Eimeria

A
  • Fecal float (“fried egg appearance”)
  • Necropsy
38
Q

Special shautout: Eimeria Macusaniensis

A
  • Thick walled
  • Found in adults and crias
  • Severe and pathogenic
  • Eimeria of Cammelids (E. Mac)
  • Looks like a avocado cut in half

Piensa Mcdonals (M) double hump=Camellos (E.Mac)

39
Q

Treatment for Eimeria spp.

A
  • Coccidiocide
  • Supportive therapies
40
Q

Prevention of Eimeria spp.

A
  • Low-dose infection
  • hygiene practices
  • Separate age groups
  • Coccidiostats: Amprolium, decoquinate, sulfonamides ( check FARAD)
  • Must be used in a prolonged manner
41
Q

Cryptosporidium life cycle

A
  • Direct life cycle
    1. Sporulated oocyst (infectious)
    2. Sporozoites (gastric or intestinal epithelium)
    3. Merozoites- rupture enterocytes, infect another (Sexual)
    4. Gammonts fertilize each other (Sexual)
    5. Oocysts sporulate in situ

This pathogen can cause autoinfection with no need of enviromental stage

42
Q

Epidemiology of Crypto

A
  • Neonatal animals
  • 100% morbidity
  • Source: asymtomatic adults
  • Host adapted C. bovis and C. ryanae
  • World wide distribution
  • Zoonotic: C. parvum, and C. ubiquitum
43
Q

Clinical signs of Crypto

A
  • Anorexia
  • Teeth grinding
  • Depression
  • Weakness
  • Dehydration
  • Co-infections are common!
44
Q

Diagnosis of Cryto

A
  • Fecal Flotation (hard to find)
  • Flotation with acid-fast stain
  • PCR and DNA sequencing
  • Snap-test ELISA
45
Q

Treatment of Crypto

A
  • No treatments approved for farm animals in the US
  • Supportive care
  • Disinfection
  • Prevention (low stock density, separate age groups and isolate neonates with diarrhea)
46
Q

Giardia life cycle

A
  • Direct life cycle
    1. Cyst (infectious stage)- Immediately infectious
    2. Low pH causes excystation of trophozoites
    3. Trophozoites multiply in lumen of small intestine
    4. High pH causes trophozoites to encyst (colon)
    5. Cysts and trophozoites passed in feces
47
Q

Eidemiology of Giardia

A
  • Higher prvalence in young animals
  • Highest occurrence- 2 moa
  • Assemblage E common in livestock
  • Assemblage A, B common in humans
48
Q

Giardia CS, Dx, and Treatment

A
  • CS: Asymptomatic, diarrhea, weight loss, malabsorption
  • Importance not clear
  • Diagnosis: PCR and ELISA (High Se and Sp), and Microscopy (Low Se and requires skill)
  • Treatment: No approved treatment, hygiene, pasture raising young, low stoking density and age separation

Fenbendazole has been rumored to work, however, not approved

49
Q

Balantidium coli

A
  • Commensal in cecum/colon in pigs
  • Ulceration/ colitis in dogs/humans
  • Unclear significance in livestock
  • Direct smear- motile trophozoite
  • Flotation- cyst
50
Q

Blood born Protozoa

A
51
Q

Babesia

A
  • B. bigemina and B. bovis in US
  • Rhipicephalus tick (primary vector)
  • Reportable
  • Bovine piroplasmosis, texas fever, and tick fever
52
Q

Babesia CS, Dx and Treatment

A
  • CS: Acute hemolytic crisis and death
  • Diagnosis: Blood smear and Serology
  • Treatment: Blood transfusion and Babesiacides (imidocarb)
53
Q

Anaplasma

A
  • A. marginale (Cattle)
  • A. ovis (sheep/goat)
  • Obligate intraerythrocytic
  • Tick vector (Ixodes scapularis)
54
Q

Anaplasma CS, Dx and Treatment

A
  • CS: Extravascuar hemolysis
  • Diagnosis: Low pcv, blood smear and PCR-acute or cELISA-chronic
  • Treatment: Blood transfusion and Ocytetracycline
55
Q

Protozoa associated with tissue cysts

A
56
Q

Neospora

A
  • Ruminants- IH with tissue cysts or placental infection
  • Dogs/coyotes- DH
  • Vertical transmission possible
  • Worldwide prevalence
  • Abortions mid-late gestation
  • Neurologic signs, ill-thrift in neonates
57
Q

Neospora Dx, Treatment and Prevention

A
  • Diagnosis: Histopath- brain, heart, liver, placenta or Serology - indicates exposure only
  • Treatment: NONE
  • Prevention: Cull seropositive dams and No canids near livestock
58
Q

Toxoplasma

A
  • Sheep, goats and cattle- IH
  • Felids- DH
  • Vertical transmission possible
  • Infectious stage: sporulated oocyst
  • EED, abortion, stillbirth, mummification
  • Resistant to destruction
59
Q

Toxoplasma Dx

A
  • Diagnosis: Serology or Histopath
60
Q

Sarcocystis

A
  • Ruminants- IH
  • Mammals, birds and reptiles- DH
  • Common in ruminants
  • Sporocyst - infective stage (resistant to destruction)
  • Acute and chronic signs
  • Frequently asymptomatic
  • Humans can serve as a DH or accidental IH
61
Q

Cestodes

A

Clin Vet Parasitol (6 decks)

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