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Clin Vet Parasitol > Module 2: Drug and Drug Classes LAKRITZ > Flashcards

Module 2: Drug and Drug Classes LAKRITZ Flashcards

1
Q

What are the “Big 5” parasites?

A
  • Nematodes
  • Tapeworms
  • Flukes
  • Ectoparasites
  • Protozoa
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2
Q

What are the most widely used medications for parasitism in both veterinary and human health?

A

Benzimidazole

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3
Q

(T/F) You can use Fenbendazole (Panacur, Safeguard) for tapes in dogs

A

False, you probably need to use praziquantel

Due to the resistance they have developed to this antiparasitic.

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4
Q

Why parasites are important?

A
  • Economically important
  • Human Health concerns
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5
Q

To Prevent exposure you may need to know…

A
  • The life cycle of the little shits
  • Remember most life cycles envolve shit
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6
Q

Importance of picking up manure

A
  • Clean enviroment (dog parks, cat littler box)
  • Manure management on dairy farm
  • Pasture management (dairy & beef, sheep and goats)
  • Water transmission
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7
Q

Subclinical disease

A

Prophylactically treating animals with anthelmintic

Removes suceptible parasites.

Test: Fecal exams, FECRT, clinical examination

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8
Q

Heartworm disease is most commonly a ______

A

Subclinical disease

Preventatives kill L3/L4 stages

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9
Q

For most parasites, which technique is the most robust?

A

Fecal floatation

Fecal float solutions may differ from small vs large animals

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10
Q

Fecal egg count reduction time intervals

A
  • K9 and Felines: 10-14 days to see a reduction in hookworms and roundworms.
  • Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Horses, and other: 12-14 days to see a reduction in egg count

Drug class may affect these time reduction intervals

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11
Q

Nematodes

A

Round, Hook, Whip and Threadworms

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12
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Fleas, Flies, Lice, Ticks and Mites

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13
Q

Protozoas

A

Coccidia, Cryptosporidia and Giardia

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14
Q

What drugs are available for parasite control?

A
  • Benzimidazoles
  • Macrocyclic lactones
  • Isoquinolinepyrazines
  • Tetrahydropyrimidines
  • Imidazothiazoles
  • Sulfonamides
  • Triazines
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15
Q

Benzimidazoles

A
  • Fenbendazole
  • Oxfendazole
  • Albendazole
  • Pro-benzimidazoles

Wide spectrum activity, larval and inhibited stages, ovicidal activity

Used for nematodes, lungworms, cestodes and flukes (some)

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16
Q

Macrocyclic lactones

A
  • Ivermectin
  • Doramectin
  • Milbemycin
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17
Q

Isoquinolinepyrazines

(Tha fk is this?)

A
  • Praziquantel
  • Epsiprantel
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18
Q

Tetrahydropyrimidines

A
  • Pyrantel
  • Morantel
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19
Q

Imidazothiazoles

A
  • Tetramisole
  • Levamisole (Broad range of activity)

Nematocidal compound (Lung and GI)
Not for Cestodes and Trematodes

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20
Q

Sulfonamides

A
  • Sulfadimethoxine
  • Sulfadiazine
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21
Q

Triazines

A
  • Diclazuril
  • Toltrazuril
  • Ponazuril
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22
Q

How do Benzimidazoles work?

Puse lo mas importante no creo que Lakritz pregunte todo

A
  • Binds to B-tubulin, disrupts microtubules
  • Disrupts cell funtion in the parasite
  • Limited water solubility (stays in the host’s gut)
23
Q

Can you use Fenbendazole or Albendazole in pregnant animals?

A

No! This is identified as a Teratogenic (@ 4x doses) compound that should not be used on the 1rst trimester of pregnancy.

24
Q

Albendazole may cause Bone Marrow Toxicity in what species?

A

Camelids and other species

They had mucosa problems due to the damage in B-tubulin at high doses.

25
Q

Ferbendaloze formulations in Large Animals

A
  • Liquid (Most rapidly absorbed, Less plasma concentration)
  • Paste
  • Pelleted (Last to be absorbed, but high plasma concentration).
26
Q

Should you use Febendazole in Horses for small strongyles?

A

No, they have developed a resistance to this antiparasitic.

27
Q

Albendazole can be used for liver flukes in?

A

Cattle/Sheep

28
Q

Mechanism of action of Imidazothiazoles

A
  • Cholinergic agonist on nematode muscle cells
  • Causes spastic paralysis on suceptible parasites
  • Toxicity may cause SLUD
29
Q

Imidazothiazoles are used on which species?

A

Cattle, Sheep, Swine, Poultry and Dogs (not often)

30
Q

Mechanism of action for Tetrahydropyrimidines?

A
  • Similar to Imidazotiazoles
  • Selective agonist of nematode muscle cells
  • Contraction and spastic paralysis

100x more potent than Ach, slower acting

31
Q

Levamisole vs Pyrantel

A
  • Both Nicotinic receptor agonist
  • GI Nematodes
  • Levamisole also does Lung nematodes
  • Pyrantel also does Equine tapeworms
  • Pyrantel has a good safety margin whereas Levamisole has narrow margins

Levamisole (PO, SQ and Topical)
Pyrantel (Oral)

32
Q

Emodepside

Originally created for use in cats and kittnes

A
  • Novel drug (bread spectrum of action), semi-synthetic
  • For: Hook, Round and tapeworms
  • MOA: Flaccid paralysis of pharynx and body of the parasites
  • Effective against resistant parasites to benzimidazole, levamisole and macrocyclic lactone of sheep and cattle

This is a topical administration

33
Q

Pratziquantel is a _____?

A

Cestodicide

34
Q

Praziquantel parasite coverege depending the animal

Info slide

A
  • Cats/Dogs: Taenia, Dipylidium, Mesocestoides, Echinococcus
  • Ruminants: Moniezia (most common ruminant tapeworm), Stilesia, Avitellina
  • Horses: Anaplocephala perfoliata
35
Q

Pratziquantel MOA

Mechanism of Action

A
  • Rapid and sustained paralytic muscle contraction of parasites
  • Rapid destruction of tegument
  • P450 Inhibition

Hablando claro, no creo que venga!

36
Q

Epsiprantel

Similar to Pratziquantel

A
  • For common tapes in K9 and Feline
  • Damages tegument, leading to death of parasite
  • Low systemic absortion
  • Safe for adults and young dogs and cats
37
Q

Epsiprantel works on what parasites?

A

Dipyllidium, Taenia and Echinococcus

38
Q

Important zoonotic parasites:

A
  • F. Hepatica
  • F. Gigantica
  • Dicrocoeleum
  • Paragonimus
39
Q

Fascioliasis

A
  • Inmature and mature flukes damage liver
  • Migrates to the liver in around 4 days
40
Q

Acute vs Chronic Fascioliasis

A
  • Acute: Liver failure with jaundice and clostridial disease
  • Chronic: Biliary hyperplasia (occlusion) and fibrosis
41
Q

Triclabendazole

A
  • Not available in US
  • Removes both mature and inmature stages
  • Fasciola, Fascioloides, Paragonimus
  • 56 days meat withdrawal
  • Do not use in lactating dairy cattle

MOA not well understood

42
Q

Albendazole MOA

A
  • B tubulin binding, inhibits microtubule function
  • 70-99% effective against adult flukes
  • Requires later re-treatment (2-4 weeks later)
  • 8-14 days of meat withdrawal
43
Q

Benzensulfonamides

Clorsulon

A
  • Highly effective against flukes (70-99%)
  • Inhibits glycolosis by daaging gut of fluke
  • Safe drug
  • Milk withhold (72hrs)
  • Meat withhold (8 days)
44
Q

Macrocyclic lactones are ___?

A

Endectocides

Works for both Ecto and Endoparasites

45
Q

Ivermectin, Moxidectin, Doramectin, Abamectin, Selamectin and Eprinomectin are?

A

Macrocyclic lactones

46
Q

Macrocyclic lactones MOA

A
  • Works against Nematodes, Insects and Acarines
  • Limited usefulness on Whip and Roundworms
  • No activity against flukes and tapes
  • Causes a paralytic effect (GABA/glutamate gated Cl channels)
47
Q

Coccidia can be:

A
  • Giardia
  • Cryptosporidia
  • Eimeria
  • Isospora
48
Q

Do Benzimidazoles work against Giardiasis?

Fenbendazole and Albendazole

A

Yes! They interfere with the adhisive disk organelle and cytoskeleton

49
Q

Is it legal to use metrodinazole in food animals?

A

Tha fuk not! Ilegal! Deportation! You about to die if you use on food animals!

50
Q

Nitroimidazoles

The class for which antiparasitic?

A

Metronidazole

MOA- metabolized to toxic metabolites

51
Q

What to use if Criptosporidia is found?

A

Cats: Paramomycin (can cause neprooxicity and kidney toxicity) and Nitazoxanide
Cattle: Nitazoxanid, Halofuginone (not used in USA) and Azthromycin

52
Q

What to use if Eimeria is found?

A

Cats/K9: Sulfadimethoxine, Potentiated sulfanamides and Ponazuril
Cattle, Sheep and Goats: Sulfadimethoxine, Amprolium and Deccoquinate/Monensin/Lasalocid (common feed additives)

53
Q

You finished this hell of a Module!!!

A

Celebration!!!!!!

Clin Vet Parasitol (6 decks)

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