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Clin Vet Parasitol > Module 2: Drug and Drug Classes LAKRITZ > Flashcards

Module 2: Drug and Drug Classes LAKRITZ Flashcards

1
Q

What are the “Big 5” parasites?

A
  • Nematodes
  • Tapeworms
  • Flukes
  • Ectoparasites
  • Protozoa
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2
Q

What are the most widely used medications for parasitism in both veterinary and human health?

A

Benzimidazole

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3
Q

(T/F) You can use Fenbendazole (Panacur, Safeguard) for tapes in dogs

A

False, you probably need to use praziquantel

Due to the resistance they have developed to this antiparasitic.

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4
Q

Why parasites are important?

A
  • Economically important
  • Human Health concerns
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5
Q

To Prevent exposure you may need to know…

A
  • The life cycle of the little shits
  • Remember most life cycles envolve shit
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6
Q

Importance of picking up manure

A
  • Clean enviroment (dog parks, cat littler box)
  • Manure management on dairy farm
  • Pasture management (dairy & beef, sheep and goats)
  • Water transmission
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7
Q

Subclinical disease

A

Prophylactically treating animals with anthelmintic

Removes suceptible parasites.

Test: Fecal exams, FECRT, clinical examination

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8
Q

Heartworm disease is most commonly a ______

A

Subclinical disease

Preventatives kill L3/L4 stages

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9
Q

For most parasites, which technique is the most robust?

A

Fecal floatation

Fecal float solutions may differ from small vs large animals

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10
Q

Fecal egg count reduction time intervals

A
  • K9 and Felines: 10-14 days to see a reduction in hookworms and roundworms.
  • Cattle, Sheep, Goat, Horses, and other: 12-14 days to see a reduction in egg count

Drug class may affect these time reduction intervals

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11
Q

Nematodes

A

Round, Hook, Whip and Threadworms

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12
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Fleas, Flies, Lice, Ticks and Mites

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13
Q

Protozoas

A

Coccidia, Cryptosporidia and Giardia

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14
Q

What drugs are available for parasite control?

A
  • Benzimidazoles
  • Macrocyclic lactones
  • Isoquinolinepyrazines
  • Tetrahydropyrimidines
  • Imidazothiazoles
  • Sulfonamides
  • Triazines
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15
Q

Benzimidazoles

A
  • Fenbendazole
  • Oxfendazole
  • Albendazole
  • Pro-benzimidazoles

Wide spectrum activity, larval and inhibited stages, ovicidal activity

Used for nematodes, lungworms, cestodes and flukes (some)

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16
Q

Macrocyclic lactones

A
  • Ivermectin
  • Doramectin
  • Milbemycin
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17
Q

Isoquinolinepyrazines

(Tha fk is this?)

A
  • Praziquantel
  • Epsiprantel
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18
Q

Tetrahydropyrimidines

A
  • Pyrantel
  • Morantel
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19
Q

Imidazothiazoles

A
  • Tetramisole
  • Levamisole (Broad range of activity)

Nematocidal compound (Lung and GI)
Not for Cestodes and Trematodes

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20
Q

Sulfonamides

A
  • Sulfadimethoxine
  • Sulfadiazine
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21
Q

Triazines

A
  • Diclazuril
  • Toltrazuril
  • Ponazuril
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22
Q

How do Benzimidazoles work?

Puse lo mas importante no creo que Lakritz pregunte todo

A
  • Binds to B-tubulin, disrupts microtubules
  • Disrupts cell funtion in the parasite
  • Limited water solubility (stays in the host’s gut)
23
Q

Can you use Fenbendazole or Albendazole in pregnant animals?

A

No! This is identified as a Teratogenic (@ 4x doses) compound that should not be used on the 1rst trimester of pregnancy.

24
Q

Albendazole may cause Bone Marrow Toxicity in what species?

A

Camelids and other species

They had mucosa problems due to the damage in B-tubulin at high doses.

25
Ferbendaloze formulations in Large Animals
* Liquid (Most rapidly absorbed, Less plasma concentration) * Paste * Pelleted (Last to be absorbed, but high plasma concentration).
26
Should you use Febendazole in Horses for small strongyles?
No, they have developed a resistance to this antiparasitic.
27
Albendazole can be used for liver flukes in?
Cattle/Sheep
28
Mechanism of action of Imidazothiazoles
* Cholinergic agonist on nematode muscle cells * Causes spastic paralysis on suceptible parasites * Toxicity may cause SLUD
29
Imidazothiazoles are used on which species?
Cattle, Sheep, Swine, Poultry and Dogs (not often)
30
Mechanism of action for Tetrahydropyrimidines?
* Similar to Imidazotiazoles * Selective agonist of nematode muscle cells * Contraction and spastic paralysis | 100x more potent than Ach, slower acting
31
Levamisole vs Pyrantel
* Both Nicotinic receptor agonist * GI Nematodes * Levamisole also does Lung nematodes * Pyrantel also does Equine tapeworms * Pyrantel has a good safety margin whereas Levamisole has narrow margins | Levamisole (PO, SQ and Topical) Pyrantel (Oral)
32
Emodepside | Originally created for use in cats and kittnes
* Novel drug (bread spectrum of action), semi-synthetic * For: Hook, Round and tapeworms * MOA: Flaccid paralysis of pharynx and body of the parasites * Effective against resistant parasites to benzimidazole, levamisole and macrocyclic lactone of sheep and cattle | This is a topical administration
33
Pratziquantel is a _____?
Cestodicide
34
Praziquantel parasite coverege depending the animal | Info slide
* **Cats/Dogs**: Taenia, Dipylidium, Mesocestoides, Echinococcus * **Ruminants**: Moniezia (most common ruminant tapeworm), Stilesia, Avitellina * **Horses**: Anaplocephala perfoliata
35
Pratziquantel MOA | Mechanism of Action
* Rapid and sustained paralytic muscle contraction of parasites * Rapid destruction of tegument * P450 Inhibition ## Footnote Hablando claro, no creo que venga!
36
Epsiprantel | Similar to Pratziquantel
* For common tapes in K9 and Feline * Damages tegument, leading to death of parasite * Low systemic absortion * Safe for adults and young dogs and cats
37
Epsiprantel works on what parasites?
Dipyllidium, Taenia and Echinococcus
38
Important zoonotic parasites:
* F. Hepatica * F. Gigantica * Dicrocoeleum * Paragonimus
39
Fascioliasis
* Inmature and mature flukes damage liver * Migrates to the liver in around 4 days
40
Acute vs Chronic Fascioliasis
* **Acute**: Liver failure with jaundice and clostridial disease * **Chronic**: Biliary hyperplasia (occlusion) and fibrosis
41
Triclabendazole
* Not available in US * Removes both mature and inmature stages * Fasciola, Fascioloides, Paragonimus * 56 days meat withdrawal * **Do not use in lactating dairy cattle** | MOA not well understood
42
Albendazole MOA
* B tubulin binding, inhibits microtubule function * 70-99% effective against adult flukes * Requires later re-treatment (2-4 weeks later) * 8-14 days of meat withdrawal
43
Benzensulfonamides | Clorsulon
* Highly effective against flukes (70-99%) * Inhibits glycolosis by daaging gut of fluke * Safe drug * Milk withhold (72hrs) * Meat withhold (8 days)
44
Macrocyclic lactones are ___?
Endectocides | Works for both Ecto and Endoparasites
45
Ivermectin, Moxidectin, Doramectin, Abamectin, Selamectin and Eprinomectin are?
Macrocyclic lactones
46
Macrocyclic lactones MOA
* Works against Nematodes, Insects and Acarines * Limited usefulness on Whip and Roundworms * **No activity against flukes and tapes** * Causes a paralytic effect (GABA/glutamate gated Cl channels)
47
Coccidia can be:
* Giardia * Cryptosporidia * Eimeria * Isospora
48
Do Benzimidazoles work against Giardiasis? | Fenbendazole and Albendazole
Yes! They interfere with the adhisive disk organelle and cytoskeleton
49
Is it legal to use metrodinazole in food animals?
Tha fuk not! Ilegal! Deportation! You about to die if you use on food animals!
50
Nitroimidazoles | The class for which antiparasitic?
Metronidazole | MOA- metabolized to toxic metabolites
51
What to use if Criptosporidia is found?
**Cats**: Paramomycin (can cause neprooxicity and kidney toxicity) and Nitazoxanide **Cattle**: Nitazoxanid, Halofuginone (not used in USA) and Azthromycin
52
What to use if Eimeria is found?
**Cats/K9**: Sulfadimethoxine, Potentiated sulfanamides and Ponazuril **Cattle, Sheep and Goats**: Sulfadimethoxine, Amprolium and Deccoquinate/Monensin/Lasalocid (common feed additives)
53
You finished this hell of a Module!!!
Celebration!!!!!!

Clin Vet Parasitol (6 decks)

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