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S22 - PSY1102 > Module 4: Development > Flashcards

Module 4: Development Flashcards

1
Q

Accommodation

A

Piaget - the creation of new cognitive structures to house new information

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2
Q

Adolescent egocentrism

A

adolescents’ perception that others are focused on them, their feelings and their actions

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3
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

gradual onset of impairment in cognitive functions such as memory, reasoning and judgement

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4
Q

Animism

A

Preschooler belief that stuffed toys and other inanimate objects have feelings

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5
Q

Anxious-preoccupied attachments

A

characterized by a constant need for intimacy, closeness and reassurance in intimate relationships

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6
Q

assent

A

in research ethics, the ability of children to indicate their willingness to participate in research

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7
Q

assimilation

A

Piaget - the incorporation of new information into existing cognitive structures

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8
Q

attachement

A

the patterned behaviour and emotional bond one forms with primary caregivers in infancy, that’s associated with behaviour later in adult romantic relationships

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9
Q

blastocyst

A

the hollowed-out ball of cells that implants into the uterine wall, ultimately to become the developing organism and its support system

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10
Q

Cephalocaudal principle of development

A

the principle Indicating that development occurs from the head to the tail, or from top down during prenatal development

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11
Q

concrete operational period

A

Piaget - from ages 7-11, marked by increased cognitive ability in reasoning about concrete events

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12
Q

conventional morality

A

Kohlberg - where a child places value on social conventions, social order, and being viewed as ‘good’ or ‘bad’ by others

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13
Q

dementia

A

deterioration of brain function affecting cognitive processes

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14
Q

range of diseases of dementia

A

alzheimers, Lewy body, Parkinson’s

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15
Q

development

A

growth and change over time, including changes that are progressive and regressive

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16
Q

progressive changes examples

A

walking, talking

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17
Q

regressive changes examples

A

decline in cognitive function

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18
Q

disequilibration

A

Piaget - states in which cognitive structures do not agree with external realities

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19
Q

dismissive-avoidant attachments

A

characterized by strong need for independence and disinterest in close emotional relationships

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20
Q

disorganized attachment

A

attachment style of infants characterized by fear and dissociation in wanting to both approach and avoid an attachment figure - may be born out of parent abuse

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21
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal - non identical twins - when two eggs are each fertilized by different sperm cells - they share 50% of the same genetics

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22
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A

pregnancy that results from the implantation of the blastocyst into one of the Fallopian tubes instead of uterine wall

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23
Q

egocentrism

A

difficulty of children in adopting the perspective of another individual, as seen in children ages 2-7 in Piagets

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24
Q

emerging adulthood

A

period of development ranging from the late teens to mid-20’s marked by exploration, instability, self-focus and exploring possibilities for one’s life

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25
Q

equilibration

A

Piaget- states in which cognitive structures agree with external realities

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26
Q

fearful-avoidant attachment

A

attachment style in adults, characterized by a desire for intimacy contradicted by hyperawareness of potential pain associated with close relationships

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27
Q

formal operational period

A

Piaget’s - starting at age 12 - marked by the ability to think abstractly an consider hypothetical situations

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28
Q

Some individuals never reach what stage of Piaget’s cognitive development model

A

fourth - formal operational period

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29
Q

Heinz dilemma

A

kolhberg - a short story presenting a moral dilemma to assess moral reasoning

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30
Q

insecure-avoidant attachment

A

attachment of infants characterized by avoidance of primary caregiver upon reunion after separation - may be born of out parental disengagement with the infant

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31
Q

insecure-resistant attachment

A

attachment of infants characterized by being clingy after the parent returns; may be born into inconsistent parental responsiveness

32
Q

Mental representation

A

Piaget - from 18-24 months infants remember and re-enact situations and events that happened previously without any ongoing perceptual supports

33
Q

monozygotic twins

A

identical twins - 100% shared genetics - one egg was fertilized by one sperm then split into 2 cells

34
Q

novelty preference

A

preference of infants in looking longer at new information in the environment as compared to old information

35
Q

object permanence

A

an understanding that objects and individuals continue to exists even if not seen - development occurs around 9 months of age

36
Q

period of the embryo

A

the time when blastocyst implant till 8 weeks after conception - the tie during prenatal development when teratogens are most impactful

37
Q

period of the fetus

A

from 9 weeks after conception to birth - period of growth and minor refinements

38
Q

period of the zygote

A

time from conception till 2 weeks later - implantation occurs - period of prenatal development where its mostly driven by genetic factors

39
Q

post-conventional morality

A

kohlberg - someone bases moral decisions on abstract principles instead of societal expectations

40
Q

pre-conventional morality

A

Kohlberg - where children think of morality as punishments and rewards

41
Q

pre operational period

A

Piaget - from ages 2-7, marked by Childs increased ability to use symbols and engage in logical thinking

42
Q

primary circular reactions

A

Piaget - from 1 to 4 months where infants learn about the world be repeatedly engaging in actions on their own bodies

43
Q

proximodistal principle of development

A

during gestation, development proceeds from the internal organs outwards towards the extremities

44
Q

recall memory

A

the ability to recount specific episodes or events from the past

45
Q

scaffold

A

cognitive support offered by a teacher to assist learner to acquire new skills/knowledge - support is withdrawn once learned

46
Q

secondary circular reactions

A

Piaget - from 4 to 8 months, infants learn about the world be repeatedly engaging in actions outside their bodies

47
Q

secure attachment

A

in infants and adults characterized by emotional closeness and a health level of independence and exploration

48
Q

sensorimotor period

A

Piaget - birth to age 2, learning that occurs through sensory and motor interactions with physical environment

49
Q

social clock

A

cultural norms and societal expectations about the timing of key life events

50
Q

socioemotional selectivity theory (SST)

A

theory on aging, ones perception of time impacts selection and pursuit of goals - young adults prioritize information-related goals, older adults prioritize emotion-related goals tied to relationships and well-beings

51
Q

symbolic thinking

A

the ability to use symbols (language) to stand for other things (i.e complex feelings, ideas)

52
Q

teratogens

A

environmental substances or agents that negatively impact developing organic, during gestation - particularly during period of embryo

53
Q

tertiary circular reactions

A

Piaget - from 12-18 months - infant learn about the world through activities, actively exploring the world using different combination of items to see the outcomes

54
Q

theory of mind

A

an ability that emerges around age 4, allowing people to understand others have feelings, thoughts and desires that differ from oneself

55
Q

zone of proximal development

A

vygotsky - the distance between what a child can accomplish independently and what they can accomplish with assistance

56
Q

examples of teratogens

A

alcohol, smoking, drugs including certain medications

57
Q

primary characteristic of the period of zygote?

A

rapid cell division

58
Q

Sleeper effect

A

when effects take time to appear - typically with fetal alcohol syndrome, a child may display issues years after birth

59
Q

when was Thalidomide used?

A

in the 1960’s for morning sickness during period of embryo

60
Q

what was the affects of using Thalidomide during period of embryo?

A

the child developed shortened or malformed limbs

61
Q

what does the Zika virus affect in a fetus in utero

A

a list of issues, including a small head, alterations in brain development and restricted growth while in utero and caused stillbirths

62
Q

ecocentric speech

A

children talking to themselves out loud to help problem solve

63
Q

attachment styles was from who?

A

John bowlby and Mary Ainsworth

64
Q

Strange situation paradigm was created by?

A

Mary Ainsworth

65
Q

social development theorists

A

Kohlberg, bowlby and Ainsworth

66
Q

executive functions

A

high-order cognitive processes that allow us to function

67
Q

executive functions examples

A

planning for the future, controlling impulses, working with informations and making complex decisions

68
Q

personal fable

A

adolescents think of themselves as unique and invulnerable in risky situations

69
Q

who discovered attachment styles in adults similarly seen in infants

A

Mary main

70
Q

longitudinal research

A

provides unique information abut developmental processes by studying development of the same people over a long period of time

71
Q

cross-sectional research

A

studying development of various ages in the same study of groups of different people which is useful for age-related change

72
Q

what’s the focus of studies on neonatal?

A

reflexive, involuntary and obligatory behaviours

73
Q

what’s the focus on toddlers/small children studies?

A

voluntary behaviours

74
Q

what do habituation paradigms tell researchers?

A

preferences and when they exist but not what mechanism is responsible of those preferences

75
Q

theory of mind is not tested with what paradigm?

A

Elicited imitation

76
Q

what can a child not give in research?

A

consent, parent must be present

S22 - PSY1102 (4 decks)

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