module 4: definitions and formulae Flashcards
addition reaction
reaction where a molecule joins to an unsaturated molecule to produce a saturated molecule
aliphatic
organic compounds containing C chains and branches
aromatic
organic compounds containing one or more benzene ring
carbocation
a positive ion with the positive charge on a C atom
cyclic
organic compounds containing C rings (not aromatic rings)
dehydration
elimination of water
dehydrogenation
elimination of hydrogen
electrophile
lone pair acceptor
elimination reaction
reaction where a molecule is lost from a saturated molecule to form an unsaturated molecule
free radical
species with unpaired electron
functional group
the atom or group of atoms that is responsible for most of the chemical reactions of a molecule
Homogolous series
a family of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties. In a series, each member differs by the addition of CH2 group and there is a gradual change in physical properties
hydration
addition of water
hydrocarbon
molecule containing hydrogen and carbon only
hydrogenation
addition of hydrogen
hydrolysis
a reaction involving the breaking of bonds due to water
nucleophile
lone pair donor
organic chemistry
study of compounds containing carbon
saturated
molecule containing no double bonds
stereoisomers
molecules with same molecular and structural formulae but a different spacial arrangement of atoms
acyclic
an aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings with or without side chains
E-Z isomers
Type of stereoisomerism: molecules which have different arrangement of groups around C=C
optical isomers
Type of stereoisomerism: molecules which are non-superimposable mirror images
structural isomers
molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures (arrangement of atoms)
chain isomers
Type of structural isomerism: structural isomers that differ by having a different carbon chain
position isomers
Type of structural isomerism: structural isomers that differ by having the functional group in a different position
functional group isomers
Type of structural isomerism: structural isomers that differ by having a different functional group
substitution reaction
reaction where atom/group replaces another atom/group
unsaturated
contains double bonds
molecular formula
actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule
empirical formula
simplest whole number ratio
general formula
number of atoms of each element in a substance which has n carbon atoms
structural formula
how atoms are joined together in a molecule (arrangement)
number of atoms on each C e.g. CH3CH2CH2CH3
displayed formula
shows all the bonds and atoms in a molecule
relative position of atoms
skeletal formula
lines to represent bonds
carbon skeleton
each point= C
H not shown unless part of functional group
straight-chain hydrocarbon
one continuous carbon chain only
branched-chain hydrocarbon
shorter side chain bonded to longer continuous hydrogen chain
benzene
C6H6 3 alternating double bond in hexagonal ring
nomenclature
system of naming organic compounds
alkyl general formula
CnH2n+1
often represented by R
