module 4:basic concepts incl nomenclature, isomerism and reaction mechanics

Question 1

homolytic fission

Answer 1

each atom in a non-polar covalent bond receives one electron from the bonding pair to form two radicals

Question 2

radicals

Answer 2

species with unpaired electron denoted by a dot

Question 3

heterolytic fission

Answer 3

covalent bond broken, one atom receives both electrons from the bonding pair, forming two oppositely charged ion
H-Cl -> H+ + Cl-

Question 4

curly arrows

Answer 4

denote the movement of a pair of electrons
direction shows whether bonds are broken or made
must start from a bond, lone pair or negative charge
bond broken= heterolytic fission

Question 5

addition reaction

Answer 5

two reactant molecules join together to form a single product

Question 6

substitution reaction

Answer 6

atom/group exchanges with another atom/group

Question 7

elimination reaction

Answer 7

loss of small molecule like water

Question 8

as hydrocarbon chain length increases,

Answer 8

less ability to flow (viscosity)
less flammable
less volatile
higher boiling point

Question 9

fractional distillation

Answer 9

temperature gradient hot to cold
high bp condense at the bottom
low bp condense at the top
liquid run off collected