Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Module 4 - Biodiversity, Evolution and Disease > Flashcards

Module 4 - Biodiversity, Evolution and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Active immunity

A

Resistance in an organisms that has developed through production of specific antibodies in response to pathogen. Provides long-lasting immunity as memory cells are produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Agglutinins

A

Chemicals that cause pathogens to aggregate together, aiding phagocytosis. Antibodies can act as agglutinins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Antibiotic

A

Chemical/compound produced by living organism that kills/prevents growth of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria

A

Bacteria that mutate to become resistant to an antibiotic, survive & reproduce rapidly, passing on their antibiotic resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Antibodies

A

Immunoglobulins produced by B-lymphocytes in response to specific antigen, triggering immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Antigen

A

Chemical presents on surface of cell that induces an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Antigen-presenting cell

A

Macrophage that displays foreign antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Anti-toxins

A

Chemicals produced by white blood cells that neutralise toxins released by pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Artificial active immunity

A

Production of antibodies by immune system following exposure to weakened attenuated/dead pathogens e.g. vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

Immunity acquired from the administration of specific antibodies from another organisms e.g. vaccination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Athlete’s foot

A

Form of ringworm in humans, affects feet, cracking and scaling of the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Condition which the immune system attacks & destroys healthy body tissue e.g. arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bacteria

A

Prokaryotic cells that have cell walls but lack organelles, some bacteria are pathogenic, producing toxins that damage host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Bacterial meningitis

A

Severe form of meningitis caused by bacterial infection of meninges, complications of bacterial meningitis include septicaemia, symptom of this rash of purple discolouration that doesn’t fade when a glass is pressed against it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

B effector cells

A

Type of B lymphocyte that divides to form plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Black sigatoka

A

Fungal disease in tomatoes cause by Mycosphaerella fijiensis hyphae of which penetrate & digest host leaf cells turning them black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow, 3 main types, plasma cells, B effector cells & B memory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

B memory cells

A

B lymphocytes that provide immunological memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Callose

A

Plant polysaccharide contains β-1,3 & β-1,6 linkages between glucose molecules, it is deposited between the cell walls & cell membrane in cells adjacent to infected cells serving as defence again pathogens, also found in cell walls of infected cells & plasmodesmata between infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chitinases

A

Enzymes that degrade chitin in fungal cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Clonal expansion

A

Mass proliferation of specific antibody-producing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Clonal selection

A

Identification of an antibody-producing cell with complementary receptors to the shape of specific antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Clostridium difficile

A

Type of bacteria found in gut of some individuals which is resistant to most antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Communicable disease

A

Disease that is caused by pathogen & transmitted directly between organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cytokines

A

Cell-signalling molecules produced by mast cells in damaged tissue, attract white blood cells to site of damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Direct transmission

A

Transfer of a pathogen directly from 1 organism to another, can occur via direct contact/ingestion/sharing contaminated needles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Epidemic

A

Rapid rise in incidence of communicable disease at local/national level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Expulsive reflexes

A

Coughs/sneezes initiated upon irritation of respiratory tract, remove microorganism-containing mucus from gaseous exchange system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic,. Digest & destroy cells & produce spores that can spread rapidly between organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Glucanases

A

Enzyme produced by plants that decompose glucans, polysaccharides found in oomycete cell walls

31
Q

Histamine

A

Chemical produced by mast cells in damaged tissue, makes blood vessels dilate & cause their walls to become leakier

32
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A

Infectious virus that destroys T helper cells, weakening immune system of body. HIV makes an individual more susceptible to opportunistic infections & can lead to AIDS

33
Q

Indirect transmission

A

Transfer of pathogen organisms via fomites/vectors/droplet infection/soil contamination

34
Q

Inflammation

A

Localised response of vascular tissue to pathogens/damage/irritants, characterised by pain/redness/heat/swelling

35
Q

Influenza

A

Common vital infection caused by family of viruses, Orthomyxoviridae, destroys ciliated epithelial cells in gaseous exchange system, exposing airways to secondary infection

36
Q

Interleukins

A

Cytokines produced by T helper cells that stimulate B cells

37
Q

Lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that contribute to the specific immune response

38
Q

Lysosome

A

Membrane-bound organelles that contain hydrolytic enzymes

39
Q

Malaria

A

Disease caused by protoctista Plasmodium, lives within 2 hosts, mosquitoes & humans, causes recurrent episodes of fever, can be fatal

40
Q

Mast cells

A

Specialised cells in connective tissue that are important in the inflammatory response, releasing histamines & cytokines

41
Q

MRSA

A

Type of bacteria that is resistant to the antibiotic methicillin

42
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Membranes lining body cavities that secrete a sticky mucus

43
Q

Natural active immunity

A

Production of antibodies by immune system following infection

44
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

Immunity acquired by infant mammal when antibodies are transferred through the placenta & the colostrum from the mother

45
Q

Non-specific defences

A

Defences that are always present & are the same for all organisms e.g. skin, blood clotting, inflammation, mucous membranes

46
Q

Opsonins

A

Chemicals that bind to and tag foreign cells, making them easily recognisable to phagocytes

47
Q

Passive immunity

A

Resistance in an organism acquired via the transfer of antibodies, provides short-term immunity as no memory cells are produced

48
Q

Pathogen

A

Disease-causing microorganism, includes bacteria, viruses, fungi & protoctista

49
Q

Penicillin

A

First conventional, effective & safe antibiotic derived from mould Penicillium chrysogenum, discovered by Alexander Flemming

50
Q

Personalised medicine

A

Form of medical care that enables doctors to provide healthcare that is customised to an individual’s genotype

51
Q

Phagocytes

A

Specialised white blood cells that engulf & destroy pathogens, 2 types: neutrophils & macrophages

52
Q

Phagocytois

A

Process by which phagocytes engulf & destroy pathogens

53
Q

Phagolysosome

A

Vesicle within a phagocyte formed by fusion of phagosome & lysosome

54
Q

Phagosome

A

Vacuole inside a phagocyte, which a foreign particle is engulfed

55
Q

Plasma cells

A

B lymphocytes that produce antibodies specific to a particular antigen

56
Q

Potato blight

A

Disease caused by fungi-like protoctist Phytophthora infestans whose hyphae penetrate host cells, causing collapse & decay of leaves/fruit/tubers, also known as tomato blight

57
Q

Primary immune response

A

Response of the immune system to a pathogen when it is 1st encountered, small no. of antibodies are produced slowly

58
Q

Protoctista

A

Group of eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms that may cause disease, digest cells & use the cell contents to reproduce

59
Q

Ring rot

A

Bacterial disease in tomatoes/potatoes/aubergines, result in damage to leaves/fruit/tubers, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis bacterium

60
Q

Ringworm

A

Fungal disease that affects mammals, causing grey-white circular crust lesions on the skin

61
Q

Secondary immune responses

A

Response of the immune system to a pathogen when it is encountered for a 2nd(3rd,4th etc) time. Immunological memory gives rapid production of large no. of antibodies

62
Q

Synthetic biology

A

Design & construct of new biological entities, reconstruction of pre-existing natural biological systems

63
Q

T helper cells

A

T lymphocytes with CD4 receptors on cell surface membrane, these bind to antigens on antigen-presenting cells & secrete interleukins

64
Q

T killer cells

A

T lymphocytes that produce perforin, destroying pathogens with specific antigen

65
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes that mature in thymus gland, 4 main types: T helper cells, T killer cells, T memory cells & T regulator cells

66
Q

T memory cells

A

T lymphocytes that provide immunological memory

67
Q

Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)

A

Virus that infects many species of plant, damages leaves/flowers/fruit, stunts plant growth

68
Q

T regulator cells

A

T lymphocytes that regulate the immune response by supressing other T cells & maintaining tolerance to self-antigens

69
Q

Tuberculosis (TB)

A

Bacterial disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis & M. bovis, damages lung tissue, weakens immune system

70
Q

Vaccination

A

Deliberate exposure of an individual to antigens from pathogen to provide artificial active immunity

71
Q

Vector

A

Living/non-living agent that transmits a pathogen between organisms

72
Q

Viruses

A

Non-living infectious agents that invade host cells & take over cell metabolism, replicating within them.

Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions