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Biology > Module 4: Biodiversity > Flashcards

Module 4: Biodiversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define biodiversity.

A

Variety of living organisms in an area.

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2
Q

Define species.

A

A group of similar organisms able to reproduce to give fertile offspring.

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3
Q

Define habitat.

A

The area inhabited by a species, including abiotic and biotic factors.

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4
Q

What is habitat diversity?

A

The number of different habitats in an area.

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5
Q

What is species diversity?

A

The number of different species in an area.

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6
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

The variation of alleles within a species/population.

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7
Q

What is a pitfall trap?

A

A small pit that insects can’t get out of.

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8
Q

What organism would a pitfall trap be used for?

A

Crawling ground insects.

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9
Q

What is a pooter?

A

A device that allows you to safely suck small insects through a tube in a jar.

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10
Q

What organism would a pooter be used for?

A

Crawling ground insects.

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11
Q

How does a Tullgren funnel work?

A

*a soil or leaf litter sample is put on a mesh filter at the top of a funnel
*light is shone down onto it
*organisms move away from the heat and fall out of the funnel into a collecting beaker

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12
Q

What organisms would a Tullgren funnel be used for?

A

Small ones that live in soil or leaf litter.

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13
Q

What is kick sampling?

A

Gently kicking the bottom of a stream and using a net to collect the disturbed organisms.

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14
Q

What is sweep sampling?

A

Sweeping a sweep net through long grass.

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15
Q

What is a sweep net?

A

A net lined with strong cloth on a pole.

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16
Q

What is one way a random sample can be taken?

A

*divide the field into a grid using tape measures
*use a random number generator to select coordinates

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17
Q

What are the three types of non-random samples?

A

*systematic
*opportunistic
*stratified

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18
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A

When samples are taken at fixed intervals.

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19
Q

Give an example of systematic sampling.

A

To count plant species in a field, place quadrats along a line (transect).

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20
Q

What is opportunistic sampling?

A

When samples are chosen by the investigator.

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21
Q

What is a problem with opportunistic sampling?

A

The data will be biased.

22
Q

What is statified sampling?

A

When different areas in a habitat are identified and sampled separately in proportion to their part of their habitat as a whole.

23
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of different species in an area.

24
Q

What is species evenness?

A

A measure of the relative abundance of each species in an area.

25
Q

What is Simpson’s Index of Diversity used for?

A

Measuring diversity, taking into account species richness and eveness.

26
Q

What is the formula for Simpson’s Index of Diversity?

A

D = 1-(Σ(n/N)^2)

27
Q

What does the n mean in Simpson’s Index of Diversity?

A

Total number of individuals of one species.

28
Q

What does the N mean in Simpson’s Index of Diversity?

A

Total number of organisms of all species.

29
Q

What is Simpson’s Index of Diversity value always between?

A

0 and 1

30
Q

What does it mean if Simpson’s Index of Diversity is closer to 1?

A

The more diverse the habitat is (greater species richness and evenness).

31
Q

What does it mean if a population has low genetic diversity?

A

They might not be able to adapt to a change in the environment and the whole population could be wiped out by a single event.

32
Q

Give examples of populations that might have low genetic diversity.

A

Isolated populations - those bred in captivity:
*zoos
*pedigree animals
*rare breeds

33
Q

What is a locus on a chromosome?

A

The point where the alleles are found.

34
Q

What is polymorphism?

A

A locus that has two or more alleles.

35
Q

What does working out proportion of polymorphic gene loci in an organism give you?

A

A measure of genetic diversity.

36
Q

What is the formula for proportion of polymorphic gene loci?

A

Proportion of polymorphic gene loci = number of polymorphic gene loci / total number of loci

37
Q

What are the three main factors affecting biodiversity?

A

*human population growth
*increased use of monoculture
*climate change

38
Q

What are the four ways human population growth has decreased global biodiversity?

A

*habitat loss
*over-exploitation
*urbanisation
*pollution

39
Q

How has habitat loss decreased biodiversity?

A

Destroying habitats (e.g. deforestation).

40
Q

What type of diversity does habitat loss decrease?

A

Habitat diversity.

41
Q

How has human population growth increased over-exploitation?

A

*greater demand for resources
*resources being used up faster than they can be replenished

42
Q

What types of diversity does over-exploitation decrease?

A

*genetic diversity
*species diversity

43
Q

How does urbanisation decrease biodiversity?

A

*sprawling cities and major road developments can isolate species
*populations are unable to interbreed

44
Q

What type of diversity does urbanisation decrease?

A

Genetic diversity.

45
Q

How does pollution decrease biodiversity?

A

High amounts of pollutants can kill species or destroy habitats.

46
Q

What is monoculture?

A

The growing of a single variety of a crop.

47
Q

How does monoculture decrease habitat biodiversity?

A

Habitats are lost as land is cleared for large fields.

48
Q

How does monoculture decrease species biodiversity?

A

*local and naturally occurring plants and animals are seen as weeds and pests, so are destroyed with pesticides and herbicides
*heritage (traditional) varieties of crops are lost because they don’t make as much money and aren’t planted

49
Q

How does climate change causes increases and decreases in biodiversity?

A

*most species need a particular climate to survive
*a change in climate may mean a previously inhabitable area becomes uninhabitable
*increase or decreases range of some species

50
Q

How does climate change effect species biodiversity?

A

*some species forced to migrate to a more suitable area
*changes species distribution
*increases biodiversity in areas they migrate to
*decreases biodiversity in areas they migrate from

51
Q

How does climate change decrease biodiversity?

A

*if there isn’t a suitable habitat to migrate to, the specie is a plant or the change is too fast
*species may become extinct

Biology (11 decks)

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