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Biology > Module 3: Transport in Plants > Flashcards

Module 3: Transport in Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do plants need transport systems?

A

*multicellular
*small surface area:volume ratio
*high metabolic rate
*need substances
*need to remove waste products
*exchanging substances by direct diffusion is too slow

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2
Q

What tissues make up the plant’s vascular system?

A

Xylem and phloem

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3
Q

Where is the xylem found in roots?

A

In the centre.

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4
Q

Where is the phloem found in roots?

A

Surrounding the xylem in the centre.

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5
Q

What is the function of the xylem and phloem in roots?

A

Provide support for the root as it pushes through the soil.

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6
Q

Where is the xyelm and phloem found in stems?

A

Near the outside.

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7
Q

What is the function of the xylem and phloem in stems?

A

Provide ‘scaffolding’ to reduce bending.

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8
Q

Where is the xylem and phloem found in leaves?

A

Make up a a network of veins.

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9
Q

What is the function of the xylem and phloem in leaves?

A

Provide support to thin leaves.

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10
Q

What are transverse cross-sections?

A

Sections cut though the structure at a right angle to the length.

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11
Q

What are longitudinal cross-sections?

A

Sections cut through the sturcture along the length.

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12
Q

What is the main function of xylem tissue?

A

Transports water and minerals in solution.

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13
Q

Which way does movement happen in xylem tissue?

A

Up the plant, from the roots to the leaves.

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14
Q

What is the other function of xylem tissue?

A

Support.

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15
Q

What is xylem tissue made up of?

A

Several different types of cells.

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16
Q

What do xylem vessels do?

A

Transport the water and minerals in solution.

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17
Q

Describe the cells of xylem vessels.

A

Dead with no cytoplasm.

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18
Q

Describe the structure of xylem vessels.

A

Long, tube like structures formed from vessel elements joined end to end, with no end walls, forming a continuous tube.

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19
Q

What are the cell walls of xylem vessels thickened with?

A

Lignin.

20
Q

What is lignin?

A

A woody substance that thickens xylem vessel cell walls.

21
Q

What does lignin do?

A

Helps to support xylem vessels and stops them collapsing inwards.

22
Q

How is lignin deposited in cell walls?

A

In different ways, e.g. in spirals or in distinct rings.

23
Q

What happens to the lignin in a cell as it ages?

A

Amount increases.

24
Q

How does water and ions move in and out of xylem vessels?

A

Through small pits in the walls where there is no lignin.

25
Q

What is the only function of phloem tissue?

A

Transports solutes around plants.

26
Q

What is the main substance that phloem tissue transports?

A

Sugars, such as sucrose.

27
Q

Which way does transport happen in phloem tissue?

A

Both up and down.

28
Q

What is the structure of phloem tissue?

A

Cells arranged in tubes.

29
Q

What four things does phloem tissue contain?

A

*phloem fibres
*phloem parenchyma
*sieve tube elements
*companion cells

30
Q

What are sieve tube elements?

A

Living cells joined end to end to form sieve tubes.

31
Q

What is a sieve tube?

A

The tube in phloem tissue for transporting.

32
Q

What is unusual about sieve tube elemtns?

A

They are living cells but have no nucleus, only a thin layer of cytoplasm and few organelles.

33
Q

How is the cytoplasm of adjacent sieve tube elements joined?

A

Through holes in the sieve plates.

34
Q

What do the end walls of the sieve tube elements form?

A

Sieve plates.

35
Q

What is the purpose of sieve plates?

A

They have many holes, allowing solutes through.

36
Q

What is the function of companion cells?

A

Carry out the living functions for their sieve cells as well as themselves.

37
Q

Why are companion cells needed?

A

Sieve tube elements lack a nucleus and other organelles so cannot survive on their own.

38
Q

What does every sieve tube element have one of?

A

A companion cell.

39
Q

What is the method for dissecting a plant stem?

A
  1. use a scalpel to cut a cross-section of the stem as thinly as possible
  2. use tweezers to place the sections in water until needed
  3. transfer each section into a dish containing stain and leave for 1 minute
  4. rinse off the sections with water and mount onto a slide
40
Q

When dissecting a plant stem, why are the sections placed in water until needed?

A

To prevent them from drying out.

41
Q

What is an example of a stain used for plant stems?

A

Toluidine blue O (TBO)

42
Q

What does toluidine blue O stain?

A

Lignin in xylem vessels blue-green, allowing us to see the position and structure.

43
Q

What are the four factors affecting rate of transpiration?

A

*temperature
*light
*humidity
*wind

44
Q

How does temperature affect rate of transpiration?

A

*increasing temperature increases rate of transpiration
*warmer water molecules have more energy, so evaporate from the cells inside the leaf faster
*this increases water potential between the inside and outside of leaf
*so water diffuses out of the leaf faster

45
Q

How does light affect rate of transpiration?

A

*increasing light intensity increases rate of transpiration
*the stomata open when it gets light so carbon dioxide can diffuse into the leaf for photosynthesis
*when it’s dark, the stomata close so there’s little transpiration as water cannot diffuse out the stomata

46
Q

How does humidity affect rate of transpiration?

A

*decreasing the humidity increases the rate of transpiration
*of the air around plant is dry, the water potential gradient between the leaf and air is increased
*this increases transpiration

47
Q

How does wind affect rate of transpiration?

A

*increasing wind increases rate of transpiration
*lots of air movement blows away water molecules around the stomata
*this increases the water potential gradient
*this increases rate of transpiration

Biology (11 decks)

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