Module 4, 5, 6 Flashcards
One important field of study is _, which aims to examine and explain social behavior in terms of evolution. It is both part of sociology and biology: however, it also draws from other fields such as anthropology, psychology, archaeology, and zoology.
sociobiology
One important field of study is _, which aims to examine and explain social behavior in terms of evolution. It is both part of sociology and biology: however, it also draws from other fields such as anthropology, psychology, archaeology, and zoology.
sociobiology
The _ of humans stems from the development of the brain which controls and coordinates all other bodily functions. It also allows people to think and feel and to have memories, and an identity.
It facilitates the different senses such as smelling, tasting, touching, seeing, and hearing.
thinking capacity
The _ or the frontal lobe is the largest part of the brain. It is responsible for movement, body temperature, touch, vision, hearing, and various skils such as judgment, reasoning, probtem saltiag
emotions, and learning.
cerebrum
The _ or the frontal lobe is the largest part of the brain. It is responsible for movement, body temperature, touch, vision, hearing, and various skils such as judgment, reasoning, probtem saltiag
emotions, and learning.
cerebrum
The _ or the middle part of the brain is responsible for communicating with other parts of the body. It controls vital functions such as breathing, consciousness, heart functions, swallowing, eye and mouth movement, stomach and intestines, and sensory relays.
brainstem
The _ or the middle part of the brain is responsible for communicating with other parts of the body. It controls vital functions such as breathing, consciousness, heart functions, swallowing, eye and mouth movement, stomach and intestines, and sensory relays.
brainstem
The back part of the brain, called _, contains more nerve cells than the other parts and controls the functions of fine motor movements and muscle movements and maintains balance as well.
cerebellum
The back part of the brain, called _, contains more nerve cells than the other parts and controls the functions of fine motor movements and muscle movements and maintains balance as well.
cerebellum
The brain is protected by the _ and layers of tissue that cover the brain itself.
cranium
The brain is protected by the _ and layers of tissue that cover the brain itself.
cranium
The brain weighs about:
1.4 kilograms
Humans are the only species with _, or the ability to actually verbalize thoughts, ideas, and views. This capacity is made possible by the yocal tract, which enables humans to speak out what the brain thinks about. As the brain transmits ideas, comprehends sounds, and provides meaning to them, the vocal tract makes the actual sounds.
speaking capacity
Humans are the only species with _, or the ability to actually verbalize thoughts, ideas, and views. This capacity is made possible by the yocal tract, which enables humans to speak out what the brain thinks about. As the brain transmits ideas, comprehends sounds, and provides meaning to them, the vocal tract makes the actual sounds.
speaking capacity
Speaking capacity is made possible by the _, which enables humans to speak out what the brain thinks about. As the brain transmits ideas, comprehends sounds, and provides meaning to them, the vocal tract makes the actual sounds…
vocal tract
Speaking capacity is made possible by the _, which enables humans to speak out what the brain thinks about. As the brain transmits ideas, comprehends sounds, and provides meaning to them, the vocal tract makes the actual sounds…
vocal tract
The human capability to grip first developed over 500 000 years ago. _ is vital for the ability to perform certain tasks that require forceful precision grips.
Gripping capacity
The human capability to grip first developed over 500 000 years ago. _ is vital for the ability to perform certain tasks that require forceful precision grips.
Gripping capacity
Two kinds of grips
precision grip
power grip
Two kinds of grips
precision grip
power grip
_ allowed human ancestors to pick up things and create various bypes of to
necessary for survival such as axes and spears
precision grip
_, which is used for forceful gripping as in throwing and holding a club.
power grip
One of the key features of human evolution is _, or the capability to use two feet only to stand and walk.
bipedalism
One of the key features of human evolution is _, or the capability to use two feet only to stand and walk.
bipedalism
_ is the idea that human culture has changed over time, as more people developed various capacities and capabilities to enhance their survival.
Sociocultural evolution
The earliest human development can be traced back to the _, a broad prehistoric period characterized by the use of tools primarily developed using stones. Primarily believed to have lasted for around 3.4 million years, and it ended around 4000BC to 2000BC.
Stone Age
The earliest human development can be traced back to the _, a broad prehistoric period characterized by the use of tools primarily developed using stones. Primarily believed to have lasted for around 3.4 million years, and it ended around 4000BC to 2000BC.
Stone Age
3 periods of Stone Age
Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic
3 periods of Stone Age
Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic
The word _ comes from the words paleo that means “old” and lithic that means “stone.” So, _ literally translates to “old stone age.” This period is known for simple stone and bone tools used by human ancestors for various purposes.
Paleolitic period
The oldest known stone tool industry is known as _, which started around 2.6 million years ago.
Oldowan industry
The oldest known stone tool industry is known as _, which started around 2.6 million years ago.
Oldowan industry
The _, more commonly known as the middle Stone Age, spans roughly around 20000-5 000 BC. This period is associated with a hunter-gatherer way of life and the development of more sophisticated and fine tools and weapons compared to the previous period.
Mesolithic period
The _, more commonly known as the middle Stone Age, spans roughly around 20000-5 000 BC. This period is associated with a hunter-gatherer way of life and the development of more sophisticated and fine tools and weapons compared to the previous period.
Mesolithic period
The new Stone Age or the _ was a major shift in human sociocultural history. Primarily, this saw the advent of agriculture as the dominant way of life in the societies that lived during that period. This period is projected to be around 10 000 to 4 500 BC.
Neolithic period
The new Stone Age or the _ was a major shift in human sociocultural history. Primarily, this saw the advent of agriculture as the dominant way of life in the societies that lived during that period. This period is projected to be around 10 000 to 4 500 BC.
Neolithic period
Various developments occurred during the Neolithic period, as people settled and developed culture. The most important of these developments are the _.These two changes enabled societies to shift from being nomads to permanently settling in an area, establishing the first settlements that eventually turned into civilizations.
adoption of agriculture and the domestication of animals
Various developments occurred during the Neolithic period, as people settled and developed culture. The most important of these developments are the _.These two changes enabled societies to shift from being nomads to permanently settling in an area, establishing the first settlements that eventually turned into civilizations.
adoption of agriculture and the domestication of animals
The first Neolithic settlements were established in _ or the _, now in the modern-day Iraq:
Mesopotamia; Fertile Crescent of the great rivers Tigris and Euphrates
The first Neolithic settlements were established in _ or the _, now in the modern-day Iraq:
Mesopotamia; Fertile Crescent of the great rivers Tigris and Euphrates
This emergence gave rise to the _, or the process of structural reorganization of society.
sociopolitical evolution
This emergence gave rise to the _, or the process of structural reorganization of society.
sociopolitical evolution
_ can be defined in two ways. First, it may refer to societies where large number of people resides in cities. Second, it can refer to the stage of human development that is considered most advanced. In both cases, early _ emerged near various bodies of waters, specifically rivers.
Civilization
The first early civilization is the _ near the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, This area is known as the _ because of its crescent shape usually flooded by the two rivers, which made the land fertile and suitable for agriculture.
Mesopotamian civilization; Fertile Crescent
The first early civilization is the _ near the rivers Tigris and Euphrates, This area is known as the _ because of its crescent shape usually flooded by the two rivers, which made the land fertile and suitable for agriculture.
Mesopotamian civilization; Fertile Crescent
This civilization, first established in the late Neolithic period, can be found in modern-day Iraq and Syria. The Mesopotamian civilization is called the _because it is generally considered the first true civilization.
cradle of civilization
This civilization, first established in the late Neolithic period, can be found in modern-day Iraq and Syria. The Mesopotamian civilization is called the _because it is generally considered the first true civilization.
cradle of civilization
Other civilizations established include the Egyptian civilization near the _, as well as the _ in India, near the Ganges and Indus rivers.
Nile River; Indus Valley civilization
In China, a civilization emerged near the _. There were also independent cities that were established in Mesoamerica such as the Aztec and Inca civilization, as well the Axum civilization and Kerma culture in Africa. These civilizations flourished and succeeded in building complex societies.
Yang Tze (Yellow) river
Some characteristics of a civilization:
Rise of agriculture
Diversification of labor
Social stratification
Central government
Some characteristics of a civilization:
Rise of agriculture
Diversification of labor
Social stratification
Central government
One of the most important factors in the rise of civilizations and development of culture is the change in food production. Societies crafted innovative ways to cultivate such as the domestication of animals to forge and till the land and the way to control water flow through irrigation. It allowed the farmers to yield products any time of the year; so the demands of their agricultural products became higher.
Rise of agriculture.
As irrigation and agricultural yield became higher, fewer people had to work in farms. This allowed the civilizations to focus on other things, giving rise to carpenters, goldsmiths, blacksmiths, bakers, potters, merchants, priests, government officials, and other roles in society. Each one had a specialized field of work, and this diversified labor is a result. These specializations of labor ushered in the invention of innovative products as well, including weaponry such as swords, shields, and armors. A surplus of these products in a way gave rise to commerce as well, with merchants and traders selling them to other communities. This then led to the spread of culture outside their own civilization.
Diversification of labor
To have a sense of direction with a large number of diverse people, it is pertinent to rank or order them according to what they do or what kind their family is. The rise of social stratification or social classes was created to cluster people whether they are high ranking or low ranking in the society. Although this social stratification is intertwined with inequality, it is the basis of who lives in comfort and who has to till the land in early civilizations.
Social stratification
To have a sense of direction with a large number of diverse people, it is pertinent to rank or order them according to what they do or what kind their family is. The rise of social stratification or social classes was created to cluster people whether they are high ranking or low ranking in the society. Although this social stratification is intertwined with inequality, it is the basis of who lives in comfort and who has to till the land in early civilizations.
Social stratification
In ancient Chinese civilization, for example, society was divided into four classes: ___. Above all, however, were the King and his family.
(1) Shi the Confucian scholars;
(2) Nong, the peasant farmers;
(3) Gong, the middle class;
(4) Shang, the merchants
In ancient Chinese civilization, for example, society was divided into four classes: ___. Above all, however, were the King and his family.
(1) Shi the Confucian scholars;
(2) Nong, the peasant farmers;
(3) Gong, the middle class;
(4) Shang, the merchants
The ancient Indus Valley civilization likewise was divided into four classes: ___ Outside these classes were the Pariahs or the outcasts and untouchables.
(1) Brahmins, the ruler-priests;
(2) Kshatriya, the warrior-aristocrats;
(3) Vaishyas, the artisans and merchants;
(4) Sudras, the peasants.
The ancient Indus Valley civilization likewise was divided into four classes: ___ Outside these classes were the Pariahs or the outcasts and untouchables.
(1) Brahmins, the ruler-priests;
(2) Kshatriya, the warrior-aristocrats;
(3) Vaishyas, the artisans and merchants;
(4) Sudras, the peasants.
In all social stratification the ruling clas. always exists. They are the governing elites of the civilization, administering the functions of a central government. To rule a civilization means building a vast government that enables the society to function as a whole. The government has to set laws to ensure that justice and peace would prevail in the society. Punishments were imposed to those who disobeyed these laws. Some civilizations allowed some local leaders to implement these laws.
Central government
In all social stratification the ruling clas. always exists. They are the governing elites of the civilization, administering the functions of a central government. To rule a civilization means building a vast government that enables the society to function as a whole. The government has to set laws to ensure that justice and peace would prevail in the society. Punishments were imposed to those who disobeyed these laws. Some civilizations allowed some local leaders to implement these laws.
Central government
One intangible infrastructure that the government has built is its own _. It is vital in the establishment of a culture because it is crucial to communication. It allows the government to record history and culture, as well as laws and punishments. A _ also enables record keeping of goods and products.
system of writing
One intangible infrastructure that the government has built is its own _. It is vital in the establishment of a culture because it is crucial to communication. It allows the government to record history and culture, as well as laws and punishments. A _ also enables record keeping of goods and products.
system of writing
The Sumerians developed the earliest form of writing, called _.
cuneiform
The Sumerians developed the earliest form of writing, called _.
cuneiform
The Chinese, meanwhile, had _.
calligraphy
The Chinese, meanwhile, had _.
calligraphy
the Egyptians developed _.
hieroglyphics
