Module 1 and 2 Flashcards
A community of people with common traditions, practices, institutions, and intuitions and with a collective understanding of activities and interests. Members of a society have collectively organized themselves because they have found a common understanding of the patterns of their relationships, of how they work and play, of their common interests and activities, and of what they deem ad acceptable and unacceptable.
Society
A community of people with common traditions, practices, institutions, and intuitions and with a collective understanding of activities and interests. Members of a society have collectively organized themselves because they have found a common understanding of the patterns of their relationships, of how they work and play, of their common interests and activities, and of what they deem ad acceptable and unacceptable.
Society
Society has played a big role in shaping individuals into what it deems to be commonly acceptable (called _).
Norm
Each member has to follow the norms to be recognized as part of society. Neglecting to follow these norms is usually unacceptable (called _), and when members neglect to follow these norms, they might be avoided by the society.
Deviancy
When these norms are institutionalized or not, they become part of the culture of society. _ is the embodiment of a society’s way of life, as it institutionalizes how society should be.
It can also be the process of individual enrichment as in the process of learning how to be part of society.
Culture
When these norms are institutionalized or not, they become part of the culture of society. _ is the embodiment of a society’s way of life, as it institutionalizes how society should be.
It can also be the process of individual enrichment as in the process of learning how to be part of society.
Culture
Culture is also society’s tangible activities, or what are called _, as in toward the “culture” that makes someone a better person.
evidence of tangible heritage
Those who disregard these norms are considered _.
deviants
_ may refer to the complex relationships of people living in a society. It may also refer to the concept of power and leadership; the more powerful and influential may get the upper hand in the society.
Politics
This refers to the pursuit and application of knowledge and the evidence-based understanding of both the natural and social world.
Science
The study of society and culture falls under the field of _, which examines and explains the social features and dynamics of humans and how they interact and adapt to their society.
Social Science
The study of society and culture falls under the field of _, which examines and explains the social features and dynamics of humans and how they interact and adapt to their society.
Social Science
Focuses on past events that dictate social evolution.
History
Focuses on the ways and processes of how humans produce, obtain, and distribute needs and wants.
Economics
Investigates personality and individual and social behavior.
Psychology
Describes people’s interactions with their environments.
Geography
Describes the human race, including the formation of its culture and society.
Anthropology
Studies the exercise of law, power, and authority.
Political science
Examines people’s social relationships.
Sociology
The study of human relationships and behaviors in society.
Sociology
According to this American sociologist, society is “the study of social aggregates and groups in their institutional organization, of institutions and their organization, and of the caused and consequences of changed in institutions and social organizations.
Albert J. Reiss (1968)
According to this German Sociologist, society is “the science whose object is to interpret the meaning of social action and thereby give a causal explanation of the way in which the action proceeds and the effects it produces”.
Max Weber (1922)
In an attempt to understand human and society, the American sociologist _, wrote his book titled Sociological Imagination, which is an awareness to comprehend the links of one’s own personal understanding, challenges, or limitations (called troubles) with wider social challenges (called issues).
C. Wright Mills
In an attempt to understand human and society, the American sociologist C. Wright Mills, wrote his book titled _, which is an awareness to comprehend the links of one’s own personal understanding, challenges, or limitations (called troubles) with wider social challenges (called issues).
Sociological Imagination
In an attempt to understand human and society, the American sociologist C. Wright Mills, wrote his book titled _, which is an awareness to comprehend the links of one’s own personal understanding, challenges, or limitations (called troubles) with wider social challenges (called issues).
Sociological Imagination
In an attempt to understand human and society, the American sociologist C. Wright Mills, wrote his book titled Sociological Imagination, which is an awareness to comprehend the links of one’s own personal understanding, challenges, or limitations (called _) with wider social challenges (called _).
troubles; issues
In an attempt to understand human and society, the American sociologist C. Wright Mills, wrote his book titled Sociological Imagination, which is an awareness to comprehend the links of one’s own personal understanding, challenges, or limitations (called _) with wider social challenges (called _).
troubles; issues
He, a French sociologist, used the term “sociology” widely.
Auguste Comte (1838)
Sociology is from the Latin word _ which means “society” or “association”
socius
Sociology is from the Latin word socius which means “” or “”
society or association
Sociology is from the Latin word socius which means “” or “”
society or association
Sociology is from the Latin word _ which means “society” or “association”, and Greek word _ which means _ or _.
logos — to speak about or study
Sociology’s simplest definition:
the study of society
Comte’s succeeding sociologists:
Emile Durkheim
Karl Marx
Max Weber
C. Wright Mills
Talcott Parsons
Robert Merton
Comte’s succeeding sociologists:
Emile Durkheim
Karl Marx
Max Weber
C. Wright Mills
Talcott Parsons
Robert Merton
Father of Sociology as he formally established the discipline with his study on social facts in his book: The Rules of Sociological Method (1859)
Emile Durkheim
Emile Durkheim formally established the discipline with his study on social facts in his book: _.
The Rules of Sociological Method (1859)
Are phenomena in society that are already accepted such as values, norms, and social structure and are not bound by any actions of an individual.
Social facts
These social facts have _, which means it is unique to oneself that was created by individual conscience fused together.
sui generis reality
These social facts have _ (commonly known as _) on an individual to act within the bounds of what are acceptable in society.
coercive power (social control)
These social facts may exist in different forms, whether they are _, _, and _.
tangible or intangible; individualistic or societal; objective or subjective
The loss of direction felt by an individual when the social controls become ineffective. It may be a breakdown of the usual sense of purpose or direction in society, or when there is a profound change in society.
anomie
Central to these sociological theories that attempt to study how humans interact with their society and culture:
structural functionalism theory
conflict theory
symbolic interactionism
Central to these sociological theories that attempt to study how humans interact with their society and culture:
structural functionalism theory
conflict theory
symbolic interactionism
This theory states that society is a system of interconnected parts that work as one, so there would be harmony and balance in the whole. Each part has its own function, which must work together with other parts to have the impression of a whole functioning system.
structural functionalism theory
This sftheory was from the works of _, _, _, and _.
Durkheim (Suicide, 1897)
Herbert Spencer (Principles of Sociology, 1898)
Parsons (The Structure of Social Action, 1937)
Merton (Social Structure and Action, 1938)
This sftheory was from the works of _, _, _, and _.
Durkheim (Suicide, 1897)
Herbert Spencer (Principles of Sociology, 1898)
Parsons (The Structure of Social Action, 1937)
Merton (Social Structure and Action, 1938)
Each part of the sftheory, which Herbert Spencer called ___, is an institution that is vital to the whole society. Examples of these institutions are family, education, government, market, and religion that must play a role to shape society into a whole.
organ
Each part of the sftheory, which Herbert Spencer called ___, is an institution that is vital to the whole society. Examples of these institutions are family, education, government, market, and religion that must play a role to shape society into a whole.
organ
Provides love and care, as well as the reproduction of society’s members. It is also here where children start socializing and learn how to become acceptable members of society.
Family
Provides necessary knowledge, culture, and skills that are important to building society.
Education
Provides structure of laws and punishment to maintain social order and/or social facts to avoid anomie.
Government
Provides structure of laws and punishment to maintain social order and/or social facts to avoid anomie.
Government
Provides a way for the members of society to gain, produce, and consume their wants and needs.
Market
Provides a way for the members of society to gain, produce, and consume their wants and needs.
Market
Provides moral guidance and social stability.
Religion
Functionalists, such as Parsons and Merton, used these terms to describe the effects of various phenomena or elements in society.
functional and dysfunctional
Functionalists, such as Parsons and Merton, used these terms to describe the effects of various phenomena or elements in society.
functional and dysfunctional
An institution is _ when it provides social stability and solidarity where an individual is doing his or her part to maintain a strong and robust society and achieving overall social equilibrium.
functional
An institution is _ when it provides social stability and solidarity where an individual is doing his or her part to maintain a strong and robust society and achieving overall social equilibrium.
functional
An institution is _ if it causes disruption in the stability of the society, such as in other institutions or in the whole society itself.
dysfunctional
The sftheory also explains that there are two types of functions in society:
manifest functions and latent functions
The sftheory also explains that there are two types of functions in society:
manifest functions and latent functions
These are intended and commonly recognized functions of an institution.
Manifest functions
These are intended and commonly recognized functions of an institution.
Manifest functions
These are unintended and unrecognized consequences that help ensure social stability.
Latent functions
This theory posits that society is always in a constant state of conflict, as the members of society compete for limited resources. Some members of society may hold more resources and can be considered as more powerful, whereas others hold less or no resources and can be considered as powerless
Conflict Theory
From whom did the Conflict Theory originate from?
Karl Marx, a German sociologist
From whom did the Conflict Theory originate from?
Karl Marx, a German sociologist
Karl Marx proposed the Conflict Theory in what book? Whol helped him?
Dad Kapital (1867); Friedrich Engels and C. Wright Mills
In conflict theory, those with resources are _ whereas those without resources are _.
bourgeoisie (capitalist) and proletariat (workers)
Major assumptions of conflict theory:
- competition
- revolution
- structural inequality
- war
This, sometimes referred to as “interactionism”, sees human beings as living in a world of “symbols”, which may be material objects, actions of oneself, relationships with other people, and others.
Symbolic Interactionism Theory
Structural Interactionism Theory is sometimes referred to as:
interactionism
Structural Interactionism Theory is sometimes referred to as:
interactionism
The study of the evolutionary history of human beings, including their culture and society. It deals, most primarily, with human culture and societies of the past and how these evolved to what is now the present state.
Anthropology
Four subdisciplines of anthropology:
- Cultural anthropology
- Physical anthropology
- Linguistic anthropology
- Archaeology
Four subdisciplines of anthropology:
- Cultural anthropology
- Physical anthropology
- Linguistic anthropology
- Archaeology
the study of how humans developed their culture and society
Cultural anthropology
the study of how humans developed their culture and society
Cultural anthropology
(also known as biological anthropology) the study of how humans adapt to their environment, including biological evolution
Physical anthropology
(also known as biological anthropology) the study of how humans adapt to their environment, including biological evolution
Physical anthropology
the study of how language evolved and how humans use language to communicate
Linguistic anthropology
the study of how language evolved and how humans use language to communicate
Linguistic anthropology
the study of artifacts or material evidence that past human societies left behind
Archaeology
the study of artifacts or material evidence that past human societies left behind
Archaeology
Politics is the relationship of power dynamics and decision making in a society, whereas _ deals with how the government, power, authority work in a society, including various political thoughts and ideas, political activities, and political behavior. The study of politics.
Political science
Also called populism, this is a political stance of the “people” for a certain belief. This belief, in most cases, can be of a person as compared to the unpopular “elite” or the “establishment”.
Popular politics
Two main factors that affect the emergence of these variations in human beings.
Biology and culture
Two main factors that affect the emergence of these variations in human beings.
Biology and culture
These can be traced back in the evolution of humans ad a separate species, such that human genes have adapted to survive harsh environments.
Biological factors
These can be traced back in the evolution of humans ad a separate species, such that human genes have adapted to survive harsh environments.
Biological factors
These include being able to adapt to the climate, food shortages, pollution, changing quality of life, and others that may enhance specific biological or physical traits that the human body may need.
Environmental factors
These refer to the experienced and interactions people have and how people are influenced by these same interactions.
Cultural factors
These refer to the experienced and interactions people have and how people are influenced by these same interactions.
Cultural factors
The interaction of various cultures may result in _ or _.
adaptation or acculturation
The interaction of various cultures may result in _ or _.
adaptation or acculturation
This refers to where you are born or your place of birth.
Nationality
This refers to where you are born or your place of birth.
Nationality
This is granted by a government of a country when certain legal requirements are met.
Citizenship
This is granted by a government of a country when certain legal requirements are met.
Citizenship
Nationality or citizenship by natural process can also be classified into the principles of _ (by the place you were born) or _ (by the blood of your parents).
jus soli (by the place you were born) and jus sanguinis (by the blood of your parents)
This refers to the biological and physiological traits of male and female.
sex
Refers to a social and cultural construct that distinguishes difference’s in the attributes of male and female and their roles and responsibilities in the society.
Gender
Refers to the idea that differentiates between rich and poor based on income, financial status, educational attainment, and social status among others.
Socioeconomic class
Refers to the idea that differentiates between rich and poor based on income, financial status, educational attainment, and social status among others.
Socioeconomic class
Classifications of socioeconomic class:
high-income, middle-income, low-income
Classifications of socioeconomic class:
high-income, middle-income, low-income
This is commonly associated with poverty or the state of lacking financial resources and loving with the bare minimum.
Low-income
This is commonly associated with poverty or the state of lacking financial resources and loving with the bare minimum.
Low-income
The condition wherein one is considered poor in one society but not in another.
relative poverty
The condition wherein one is considered poor in one society but not in another.
relative poverty
3 classifications of poverty:
Situational poverty - caused by sudden crises
Generational poverty - the state or condition in which the family has been in poverty for at least two generations
Absolute poverty - lack of very basic necessitiez
3 classifications of poverty:
Situational poverty - caused by sudden crises
Generational poverty - the state or condition in which the family has been in poverty for at least two generations
Absolute poverty - lack of very basic necessitiez
Two other classifications of poverty:
Urban poverty - limited access to education, employment, healthcare
Rural poverty - problems in building quality, affordable housing, etc.
Two other classifications of poverty:
Urban poverty - limited access to education, employment, healthcare
Rural poverty - problems in building quality, affordable housing, etc.
It is the way of life of a social group of a society and of a country. It is the totality of learned and socially transmitted customs, knowledge, materials, and behaviors. It is the sum of all ideas and beliefs of people.
Culture
It is the way of life of a social group of a society and of a country. It is the totality of learned and socially transmitted customs, knowledge, materials, and behaviors. It is the sum of all ideas and beliefs of people.
Culture
An American sociologist who defined culture in three ways.
Raymond Williams
An American sociologist who defined culture in three ways.
Raymond Williams
Raymond Williams defined culture in three ways:
- A state or a process of human perfection
- An activity recorded and learned in a documentary process
- A description of a particular way of life
Raymond Williams defined culture in three ways:
- A state or a process of human perfection
- An activity recorded and learned in a documentary process
- A description of a particular way of life
You also learn from your school, your friends, your peers, and other people you encounter in what is called _.
socialization
Four characteristics of culture:
- learned not inherited
- shared
- dynamic
- symbolic
Four characteristics of culture:
- learned not inherited
- shared
- dynamic
- symbolic
Some aspects evident across societies that have something to do with human needs such as food, shelter, clothing, music and arts, sports, courtship and marriage, and rituals and feasts.
Cultural universals
Some aspects evident across societies that have something to do with human needs such as food, shelter, clothing, music and arts, sports, courtship and marriage, and rituals and feasts.
Cultural universals
In 1976, Hall compared culture to an iceberg wherein one part is submerged in water while the other is above the water.
Iceberg Theory
In 1976, Hall compared culture to an iceberg wherein one part is submerged in water while the other is above the water.
Iceberg Theory
The Iceberg Theory was developed by this American anthropologist.
Edward T. Hall
The Iceberg Theory was developed by this American anthropologist.
Edward T. Hall
The upper part of the iceberg, the one seen or visible, comprises the overt elements of culture. These elements can easily be noticed or observed by people. Explicitly learned and taught by society.
surface culture
Examples of surface culture:
- clothing
- food
- language
- practices
- rituals
- music and arts
- literature
The submerged part, and it makes up the covert elements of culture that require a deeper understanding of the culture itself. Implicitly and unconsciously learned.
Deep culture
The submerged part, and it makes up the covert elements of culture that require a deeper understanding of the culture itself.
Deep culture
Examples of deep culture:
- beliefs
- assumptions
- perceptions
- attitudes
- emotions
- bias
- ethics
- customs
- philosophy
- making decisions
- ideologies
Examples of deep culture:
- beliefs
- assumptions
- perceptions
- attitudes
- emotions
- bias
- ethics
- customs
- philosophy
- making decisions
- ideologies
Elements of Culture:
- Language
- Symbols
- Norms
- Values
- Artifacts
Elements of Culture:
- Language
- Symbols
- Norms
- Values
- Artifacts
A system of communication that humans use to express values, beliefs, and ideas as well as to forge relationships and establish understanding between and among each other. It consists of a set of sounds and written symbols, along with set structures and norms.
Language
A system of communication that humans use to express values, beliefs, and ideas as well as to forge relationships and establish understanding between and among each other. It consists of a set of sounds and written symbols, along with set structures and norms.
Language
This must be understood by every member of society to have a meaning within the culture. The codes evoked by these give an interpretation that enables users to understand what they mean.
This is any object, body language/gesture, or even abstract concept that had no meaning to outsiders, but it has a significant meaning to the people within the culture.
Symbol
This must be understood by every member of society to have a meaning within the culture. The codes evoked by these give an interpretation that enables users to understand what they mean.
This is any object, body language/gesture, or even abstract concept that had no meaning to outsiders, but it has a significant meaning to the people within the culture.
Symbol
A classic example of Filipino symbolism
pagmamano
These are elements of culture that guide specific behavior of an individual in a society or culture. These are acceptable actions within boundaries set by society or culture.
Norms
These are elements of culture that guide specific behavior of an individual in a society or culture. These are acceptable actions within boundaries set by society or culture.
Norms
Classifications of norms
formal norms and informal norms
Classifications of norms
formal norms and informal norms
These are rules and regulations established by social institutions and government for the people to comply with.
Formal norms
These are rules and regulations established by social institutions and government for the people to comply with.
Formal norms
Classifications of formal norms
mores and laws
These are norms guided by standards of morality, and they determine what are acceptable and unacceptable.
Mores
These are norms guided by standards of morality, and they determine what are acceptable and unacceptable.
Mores
A formal norm as it is codified by the government and backed by the state power to police.
law
These are simple, traditional norms of a culture, which are socially accepted but are not morally significant.
informal norms
These are simple, traditional norms of a culture, which are socially accepted but are not morally significant.
informal norms
Informal norms are also called
folkways
Informal norms are also called
folkways
These are abstract judgements on and/or determine what is good and desirable and what is bad and undesirable within a culture.
Values
These are abstract judgements on and/or determine what is good and desirable and what is bad and undesirable within a culture.
Values
These are physical objects that manifest culture’s norms and values and other elements of culture. They are material representations of culture.
Artifacts
These are physical objects that manifest culture’s norms and values and other elements of culture. They are material representations of culture.
Artifacts
Artifacts are also called
material culture
Artifacts are also called
material culture
A smaller culture within the dominant culture of a society. It has a distinguished pattern and way of life in some important and noticeable way, yet exists within the dominant culture.
subculture
A subculture that deliberately opposes certain aspects of the dominant culture.
counterculture
