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Neuroanatomy > module 4 > Flashcards

module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sequence of top-down processing?

A

*the hierarchy of motor control
1. Cortex
2. Subcortex
3. Brainstem
4. Cranial and Spinal Nerves
5. Muscle

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2
Q

What are the two major types of descending pathways?

A

Direct/Pyramidal Tract
+
Indirect/Extrapyramidal Tract

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3
Q

What is the corticobulbar tract?

A

the fibers that innervate cranial nerves break off from the pyramidal motor pathway at diff spots in midpons/midmedulla & form the corticobulbar tract

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4
Q

What is the corticospinal tract?

A

A descending somatic motor tract responsible skilled movements of the extremities and postural adjustments

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5
Q

What is the location and purpose of the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

-Travels down the spinal cord with the anterior column
-Involved in coordinating postural adjustments during voluntary movements

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6
Q

What is the location and purpose of the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

-Travels down the spinal cord within the lateral column
-Involve in precise, skilled and synergistic movement of the entire limb

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7
Q

What are Upper Motor Neurons?

A
  • composed of cell bodies in the cerebral cortex and brain stem and their axons in the brain stem or spinal cord
  • they connect the brain to lower motor neurons
  • responsible for the initiation of voluntary movements and maintenance of tone in extensor muscles for posture
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8
Q

What role do projection fibers play in the corticospinal tract?

A

Relay sensory & motor information between the cortex, sub cortex, brainstem, spinal cord & PNS.

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9
Q

What is the corticobulbar tract responsible for?

A

-Convert a respiratory channel into a digestive tract and back within 500 ms
-Breathing, chewing, laughing, smiling, swallowing all the way to digestion

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10
Q

What does CN VII do?

A

movement of facial muscles

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11
Q

What does CN IX do?

A

sensory for taste, motor for swallowing

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12
Q

What do CN X and XII do?

A

Control soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

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13
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

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14
Q

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

A

initiation of voluntary movement

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15
Q

the concept of the motor homunculus and its functional importance to clinical practice.

A

represents a map of brain areas dedicated to motor processing for different anatomical divisions of the body

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16
Q

Direct Pathways

A

corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract

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17
Q

components of motor control

A

initiation of movement, coordination of muscle groups, proprioception, postural adjustments, sensory feedback, termination of a movement, unconscious processing/patterns

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18
Q

indirect pathways

A

rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, and reticulospinal tracts

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19
Q

characteristics of direct pathways

A

signals are sent directly from motor strip to a neuron that carries the signal to the muscle; UMNs synapse onto LMNs which synapse onto skeletal muscle

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20
Q

characteristics of indirect pathways

A

tracts provide indirect influences on skeletal muscle; signal from motor cortices are sent to basal ganglia/nuclei in brainstem before influencing LMN signals

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21
Q

corticospinal pathway functions (anterior and lateral)

A

provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles; 2 divisions

*A descending somatic motor tract responsible skilled movements of the extremities and postural adjustments

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22
Q

anterior corticospinal tract function and location

A

postural adjustment during voluntary movements and stability of the trunk; anterior column of SC

-Travels down the spinal cord with the anterior column

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23
Q

lateral corticospinal tract function and location

A

coordination of skilled movement of the extremities; lateral column of SC
makes up 90% of the corticospinal tract

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24
Q

corticospinal tract origin

A

motor cortex (form the corona radiata and pass through the posterior limb of the internal capsule)

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25
Q

corticospinal tract: internal capsule

A

fibers descend through the posterior limb (white matter) which holds many projection fibers

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26
Q

brainstem pyramids

A

located at the medulla; are a prominent site of decussation and responsible for voluntary motor activity (why direct is called pyramidal)

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27
Q

corticobulbar pathway function

A

controls all voluntary movement for speech production, descends from motor cortex through internal capsule

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28
Q

corticobulbar pathway composition

A

primary motor cortex, internal capsule, cerebral peduncles, brainstem, CN III, CN V, CN VII, CN IX, CN X, CN XII, and spinal nerves

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29
Q

What does CN VII do? 7

A

movement of facial muscles

30
Q

What does CN IX do? 9

A

sensory for taste, motor for swallowing

31
Q

What do CN X and XII do? 10/12

A

Control soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

32
Q

primary motor area/cortex function

A

responsible for motor output on contralateral side of the body, outflow makes up the corticospinal tract, located in precentral gyrus

33
Q

supplemetary motor area/premotor association area function

A

located anterior to the primary motor area in the frontal lobe, contains maps for posture and higher order processing

34
Q

basal ganglia definition

A

four masses of gray matter in the cerebrum and upper brainstem that are involved in movement and coordination

35
Q

basal ganglia function

A

regulation of motor cortical output and muscle tone; cognitive functions with multiple projections to prefrontal lobe

36
Q

structures of the basal ganglia

A

striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus, and associated structures (substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus)

37
Q

basal ganglia motor function

A

select and maintain purposeful motor activity while suppressing unwanted movement, monitors and coordinates slow, sustained contractions related to posture, inhibits muscle tone, and regulates amplitude/velocity/initiation of movement

38
Q

neuromodulation of basal ganglia

A

maintains purposeful activity while suppressing unwanted or useless movement (inhibitory and excitatory loops)

39
Q

basal ganglia and communication

A

communication generates components of motor programs for speech (discrete)

40
Q

characteristics of basal ganglia disease

A

tremor and other involuntary movements, changes in posture and muscle tone, and slowness of movement
(also cognitive changes)

41
Q

What are Upper Motor Neurons?

A
  • composed of cell bodies in the cerebral cortex and brain stem and their axons in the brain stem or spinal cord
  • they connect the brain to lower motor neurons
  • responsible for the initiation of voluntary movements and maintenance of tone in extensor muscles for posture
42
Q

What is the cortico-striatal-cortico loop?

A

*controls timing
* Structures of the Basal Ganglia function as part of a control circuit/loop that helps to regulate movements but does not send motor commands directly to muscles.
* Function of the loop: selection and initiation of willed movement.
* Dysfunctions can result in reduction of movement or uncontrolled movement, tremors and ticks.

43
Q

How does the basal ganglia play an integral role in movement?

A
  • The BG selects and maintains purposeful motor activity while
    suppressing unwanted or useless movement
    *Inhibitory and excitatory loops are critical for inhibition and excitation of movement
    *Dopamine regulates movement and signals reward (Important for motor learning and motivation)
44
Q

neurotransmitters involved in basal ganglia circuitry

A
  • Glutamate = primary excitatory neurotransmitter
  • GABA = primary inhibitory neurotransmitter
45
Q

How does the cerebellum play an integral role in movement?

A

Compares intended movement (motor cortex) with actual movement in limbs (proprioceptive feedback) and adjusts the movement as needed.

46
Q

key motor areas

A

primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor areas

47
Q

The cerebellar system

A
  1. Spinocerebellum: Motor coordination and execution
  2. Cerebrocerebellum: Motor learning & higher cognitive functions
  3. Vestibulocerebellum: Regulate posture and balance
48
Q

dyskinesia

A

abnormal movements caused by the basal ganglia dysfunction

49
Q

bradykinesia

A

Slowness of movement

50
Q

akinesia

A

impairments in initiation of movement

51
Q

rigidity

A

ncreased resistance to passive displacements

52
Q

chorea

A

sudden, rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving limbs, trunk, or face

53
Q

ballism

A

large-amplitude movements of proximal limbs

54
Q

dystonia

A

slower, twisting movements and sustained abnormal postures

55
Q

tremor

A

involuntary, quivering movement

56
Q

tics

A

brief, rapid, involuntary movements

57
Q

hypokinetic disorders

A

impairments in initiation of movement, too little movement (bradykinesia, akinesia, rigidity, and tremor)

58
Q

hyperkinetic disorders

A

characterized by involuntary movements, too much movement (chorea, ballism, dystonia, tics)

59
Q

parkinson’s disease

A

failure of midbrain neurons (substantia nigra) to secrete dopamine, leads to tremors, muscle rigidity, flexion, akinesia

60
Q

characteristics of PD

A

“pill rolling” tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability that causes unsteady gait, hurried/muttering quality of voice, micrographia, stooped posture, reduced arm swing, gait

61
Q

huntington’s disease

A

hereditary disease of the CNS, manifests as dementia and chorea, death within 10-15 years

62
Q

characteristics of HD

A

clumsiness, subtle chorea, tics, dystonic posture, psychiatric manifestations, cognitive impairments, dementia, COD usually respiratory

63
Q

Hypotonia

A

reduced musle tone

*Cerebellum damage

64
Q

Atasia

A

lack of coordination of limb and body postures across multiple joints
(difficulty walking)

*Cerebellum damage

65
Q

Abasia

A

inability to maintain an upright posture against the force of gravity
(difficulty standing)

*Cerebellum damage

66
Q

Ataxia

A

uncoordinated movements (greek: -taxis = order)

*Cerebellum damage

67
Q

Dysmetria

A

abnormal targeting of movements

*Cerebellum damage

68
Q

Nystagmus

A

Beating of the eyes

*Cerebellum damage

69
Q

Action or intention tremor

A

Poor coordination of agonist and antagonist muscles

70
Q

SCAN

A
  • somato-cognitive action network
    *1948 was depicting a continuous map of the body in primary motor cortex
    *2022 are functional zones are represented by concentric rings with proximal body parts surrounding the relatively more isolatable distal ones

Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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