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module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sequence of top-down processing?

A

*the hierarchy of motor control
1. Cortex
2. Subcortex
3. Brainstem
4. Cranial and Spinal Nerves
5. Muscle

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2
Q

What are the two major types of descending pathways?

A

Direct/Pyramidal Tract
+
Indirect/Extrapyramidal Tract

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3
Q

What is the corticobulbar tract?

A

the fibers that innervate cranial nerves break off from the pyramidal motor pathway at diff spots in midpons/midmedulla & form the corticobulbar tract

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4
Q

What is the corticospinal tract?

A

A descending somatic motor tract responsible skilled movements of the extremities and postural adjustments

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5
Q

What is the location and purpose of the anterior corticospinal tract?

A

-Travels down the spinal cord with the anterior column
-Involved in coordinating postural adjustments during voluntary movements

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6
Q

What is the location and purpose of the lateral corticospinal tract?

A

-Travels down the spinal cord within the lateral column
-Involve in precise, skilled and synergistic movement of the entire limb

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7
Q

What are Upper Motor Neurons?

A
  • composed of cell bodies in the cerebral cortex and brain stem and their axons in the brain stem or spinal cord
  • they connect the brain to lower motor neurons
  • responsible for the initiation of voluntary movements and maintenance of tone in extensor muscles for posture
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8
Q

What role do projection fibers play in the corticospinal tract?

A

Relay sensory & motor information between the cortex, sub cortex, brainstem, spinal cord & PNS.

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9
Q

What is the corticobulbar tract responsible for?

A

-Convert a respiratory channel into a digestive tract and back within 500 ms
-Breathing, chewing, laughing, smiling, swallowing all the way to digestion

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10
Q

What does CN VII do?

A

movement of facial muscles

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11
Q

What does CN IX do?

A

sensory for taste, motor for swallowing

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12
Q

What do CN X and XII do?

A

Control soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

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13
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex located?

A

precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

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14
Q

What is the primary motor cortex responsible for?

A

initiation of voluntary movement

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15
Q

the concept of the motor homunculus and its functional importance to clinical practice.

A

represents a map of brain areas dedicated to motor processing for different anatomical divisions of the body

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16
Q

Direct Pathways

A

corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract

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17
Q

components of motor control

A

initiation of movement, coordination of muscle groups, proprioception, postural adjustments, sensory feedback, termination of a movement, unconscious processing/patterns

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18
Q

indirect pathways

A

rubrospinal, tectospinal, vestibulospinal, and reticulospinal tracts

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19
Q

characteristics of direct pathways

A

signals are sent directly from motor strip to a neuron that carries the signal to the muscle; UMNs synapse onto LMNs which synapse onto skeletal muscle

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20
Q

characteristics of indirect pathways

A

tracts provide indirect influences on skeletal muscle; signal from motor cortices are sent to basal ganglia/nuclei in brainstem before influencing LMN signals

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21
Q

corticospinal pathway functions (anterior and lateral)

A

provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles; 2 divisions

*A descending somatic motor tract responsible skilled movements of the extremities and postural adjustments

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22
Q

anterior corticospinal tract function and location

A

postural adjustment during voluntary movements and stability of the trunk; anterior column of SC

-Travels down the spinal cord with the anterior column

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23
Q

lateral corticospinal tract function and location

A

coordination of skilled movement of the extremities; lateral column of SC
makes up 90% of the corticospinal tract

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24
Q

corticospinal tract origin

A

motor cortex (form the corona radiata and pass through the posterior limb of the internal capsule)

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25
corticospinal tract: internal capsule
fibers descend through the posterior limb (white matter) which holds many projection fibers
26
brainstem pyramids
located at the medulla; are a prominent site of decussation and responsible for voluntary motor activity (why direct is called pyramidal)
27
corticobulbar pathway function
controls all voluntary movement for speech production, descends from motor cortex through internal capsule
28
corticobulbar pathway composition
primary motor cortex, internal capsule, cerebral peduncles, brainstem, CN III, CN V, CN VII, CN IX, CN X, CN XII, and spinal nerves
29
What does CN VII do? 7
movement of facial muscles
30
What does CN IX do? 9
sensory for taste, motor for swallowing
31
What do CN X and XII do? 10/12
Control soft palate, pharynx, larynx, and intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue
32
primary motor area/cortex function
responsible for motor output on contralateral side of the body, outflow makes up the corticospinal tract, located in precentral gyrus
33
supplemetary motor area/premotor association area function
located anterior to the primary motor area in the frontal lobe, contains maps for posture and higher order processing
34
basal ganglia definition
four masses of gray matter in the cerebrum and upper brainstem that are involved in movement and coordination
35
basal ganglia function
regulation of motor cortical output and muscle tone; cognitive functions with multiple projections to prefrontal lobe
36
structures of the basal ganglia
striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus, and associated structures (substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus)
37
basal ganglia motor function
select and maintain purposeful motor activity while suppressing unwanted movement, monitors and coordinates slow, sustained contractions related to posture, inhibits muscle tone, and regulates amplitude/velocity/initiation of movement
38
neuromodulation of basal ganglia
maintains purposeful activity while suppressing unwanted or useless movement (inhibitory and excitatory loops)
39
basal ganglia and communication
communication generates components of motor programs for speech (discrete)
40
characteristics of basal ganglia disease
tremor and other involuntary movements, changes in posture and muscle tone, and slowness of movement (also cognitive changes)
41
What are Upper Motor Neurons?
- composed of cell bodies in the cerebral cortex and brain stem and their axons in the brain stem or spinal cord - they connect the brain to lower motor neurons - responsible for the initiation of voluntary movements and maintenance of tone in extensor muscles for posture
42
What is the cortico-striatal-cortico loop?
*controls timing * Structures of the Basal Ganglia function as part of a control circuit/loop that helps to regulate movements but does not send motor commands directly to muscles. * Function of the loop: selection and initiation of willed movement. * Dysfunctions can result in reduction of movement or uncontrolled movement, tremors and ticks.
43
How does the basal ganglia play an integral role in movement?
* The BG selects and maintains purposeful motor activity while suppressing unwanted or useless movement *Inhibitory and excitatory loops are critical for inhibition and excitation of movement *Dopamine regulates movement and signals reward (Important for motor learning and motivation)
44
neurotransmitters involved in basal ganglia circuitry
* Glutamate = primary excitatory neurotransmitter * GABA = primary inhibitory neurotransmitter
45
How does the cerebellum play an integral role in movement?
Compares intended movement (motor cortex) with actual movement in limbs (proprioceptive feedback) and adjusts the movement as needed.
46
key motor areas
primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, and supplementary motor areas
47
The cerebellar system
1. Spinocerebellum: Motor coordination and execution 2. Cerebrocerebellum: Motor learning & higher cognitive functions 3. Vestibulocerebellum: Regulate posture and balance
48
dyskinesia
abnormal movements caused by the basal ganglia dysfunction
49
bradykinesia
Slowness of movement
50
akinesia
impairments in initiation of movement
51
rigidity
ncreased resistance to passive displacements
52
chorea
sudden, rapid, jerky, purposeless movement involving limbs, trunk, or face
53
ballism
large-amplitude movements of proximal limbs
54
dystonia
slower, twisting movements and sustained abnormal postures
55
tremor
involuntary, quivering movement
56
tics
brief, rapid, involuntary movements
57
hypokinetic disorders
impairments in initiation of movement, too little movement (bradykinesia, akinesia, rigidity, and tremor)
58
hyperkinetic disorders
characterized by involuntary movements, too much movement (chorea, ballism, dystonia, tics)
59
parkinson's disease
failure of midbrain neurons (substantia nigra) to secrete dopamine, leads to tremors, muscle rigidity, flexion, akinesia
60
characteristics of PD
"pill rolling" tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability that causes unsteady gait, hurried/muttering quality of voice, micrographia, stooped posture, reduced arm swing, gait
61
huntington's disease
hereditary disease of the CNS, manifests as dementia and chorea, death within 10-15 years
62
characteristics of HD
clumsiness, subtle chorea, tics, dystonic posture, psychiatric manifestations, cognitive impairments, dementia, COD usually respiratory
63
Hypotonia
reduced musle tone *Cerebellum damage
64
Atasia
lack of coordination of limb and body postures across multiple joints (difficulty walking) *Cerebellum damage
65
Abasia
inability to maintain an upright posture against the force of gravity (difficulty standing) *Cerebellum damage
66
Ataxia
uncoordinated movements (greek: -taxis = order) *Cerebellum damage
67
Dysmetria
abnormal targeting of movements *Cerebellum damage
68
Nystagmus
Beating of the eyes *Cerebellum damage
69
Action or intention tremor
Poor coordination of agonist and antagonist muscles
70
SCAN
* somato-cognitive action network *1948 was depicting a continuous map of the body in primary motor cortex *2022 are functional zones are represented by concentric rings with proximal body parts surrounding the relatively more isolatable distal ones

Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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