Intro to Neuro part 2

Question 1

What encases the CNS

Answer 1

Brain: cranium and meninges
Spinal cord: Bony casing/vertebral column and meninges

Question 2

Foramen mangum

Answer 2

*Largest hole in the skull
*where the spinal cord meets the medulla
*houses the transition between the brainstem and cervical and spinal cord, aka the cervicomedullary junction

Question 3

Fossa

Answer 3

• Cranial cavities in the base of the
  skull created by ridges of bone; protects the brain

Question 4

Anterior Fossa

Answer 4

houses frontal lobe

Question 5

Middle Fossa

Answer 5

houses the temporal lobes

Question 6

Posterior Fossa

Answer 6

houses the parietal and occipital lobes as well
as the cerebellum and brainstem structures.

Question 7

Cervicomedullary junction

Answer 7

*marks the transition between the brainstem and cervical and spinal cord

Question 8

Tentorium cerebelli

Answer 8

tent like dura that covers upper surface of cerebellum

Question 8

Falx cerebri

Answer 8

sheet of dura suspended from the roof of the cranium and separates the R/L hemispheres

Question 9

The three meningeal layers

Answer 9

3 layers:
*Dura mater (outer/tough layer that surrounds the brain/spinal cord and inner/meningeal dura)
*Arachnoid Mater (thinner middle layer bridges over sulk like a web and is filled with CSF
*Pia Mater (thin innermost layer that adheres closely to surface of the brain and all blood vessels run along it like plastic wrap)

Question 10

the organization the ventricular system and location of its components parts

Answer 10

ventricles are hollow cavities in the CNS
-2 lateral ventricles (one in each hemisphere_
-1 third (skinny)
-1 fourth (booty)

Question 11

the functions of cerebrospinal fluid and its circulation

Answer 11

circulates fluid within the ventricular system

*keeps brain tissue buoyant
*delivers nutrients and removes cellular waste
*if there is damage the CSF will react and lower to reduce pressure/damage
*flows between the cranium and spine to compensate for changes in blood volume within the brain

Question 12

where cerebrospinal fluid is produced

Answer 12

*produced by the choroid plexus.

Question 13

meningitis

Answer 13

Bacterial: bacteria found in subarachnoid space; patient become ill with fever confusion, stuff neck; antibiotics

Viral: patients become ill over a period of days; headache, confusion, fever; recover over 1-2 weeks

Question 14

meningiomas

Answer 14

*arrive from arachnoid
*grow slowly and compresses the brain like a tumor
*treatment is surgical removal or radiotherapy

Question 15

closed head trauma

Answer 15

TBI

*nothing penetrates the skill but there is trauma, ex hitting a windshield

Question 16

penetrating trauma

Answer 16

TBI
ex gun shot

Question 17

concussion

Answer 17

change in mental state caused by trauma

accompanied by confusion, memory loss, loss of consciousness

Question 18

coup and contrecoup injury

Answer 18

Coup: when head is stopped suddenly and brain rushes forward (top)

Contre coup: injury when brain bounces off the primary surface and impacts the opposing side of skull (bottom)

Question 19

diffuse axonal shear injury

Answer 19

axons are sheared during trauma and can result in damage

Question 20

Intracranial hemorrhage

Answer 20

bleeding into cranium

Question 21

hydrocephalus

Answer 21

excessive CSF in brain which causes increased pressure and compression on the brain

Symptoms: cognitive, headache, nausea, vomitting

key treatments: surgical placement of shunt to suck out liquid

Question 22

why coup and contrecoup injuries and/or diffuse axonal shear injuries
potentially result in multiple impairments

Question 23

Meningeal Spaces

Answer 23

• Epidural Space (potential between skull/dura and arteries move through here)
  *Subdural Space (potential space between inner dura layer and arachnoid and veins run through)
  *Subarachnoid Space (real space between arachnoid and Pia and is filled with CSF+major cerebral arteries/veins)