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Neuroanatomy > Intro to Neuro part 1 > Flashcards

Intro to Neuro part 1 Flashcards

course objectives

1
Q

Describe the role of the Speech-Language Pathologist in field of neurology

A

-screening, identification, referral
-clinical evaluation&objective assessment
-Diagnosing communication impairments
-Determining treatment plans
-providing treatment
-Documenting progress
-Determining dismissal criteria
-Patient and caregiver education and counseling
-educating other healthcare professionals
-prevention of information for high risk groups
-service advocation**
-advancing knowledge through research activities

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2
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

-Define: Brain and Spinal cord / Neuroaxis
-Neuroanatomical components: Cerebrum(R/L hemispheres), Cerebellum, Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla), Spinal nerves (cervical/lumbosacral)
-Functions: receive, respond, and process sensory information; provides motor info to other bodily structures

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

-Define: nerves outside the brain/spinal cord; Cranial and Spinal nerves+autonomic nervous system
-Neuroanatomical components: Somatic and autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • Define: the “visceral nervous system”; Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
  • regulates involuntary activities, controlling smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
  • innervates thoracic, abdominal, pelvic viscera, sweat glands, blood vessels
  • ## controlled by hypothalamus
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5
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

-controls skeletal, voluntary movements
-carries information from the skin to the brain and from the brain back to the muscles
-innervates skeletal muscle, skin, and subcutaneous tissue
-controlled by the cortical areas

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6
Q

Sympathetic system

A

*autonomic nervous system
-alertness system; “fight or flight”
-innervates organs that respond to the fight or flight response
-mobilizes response to stress, increases heart rate and respiration rate, and delivers more blood to skeletal muscles
-controlled by spinal nerves from thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord
*heart/breathing increases, pupils dilate, inhibits digestion/salivation, constricts blood vessels

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7
Q

parasympathetic system

A

*autonomic nervous system
-calmness system; “rest and digest”
-innervates visceral organs to return body to homeostasis after sympathetic activation
-reserves the response to stress and restores homeostasis; it slows heart rate and respiration rate and stimulates digestive, urinary, and reproductive activities
-controlled by cranial nerves from brainstem and spinal nerves from sacral portion of spinal cord
*heart/breathing slows, pupils constrict, stimulates digestion/salivation, dilates blood vessels

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8
Q

Nerves

A

Define: Nerve cells/neurons are the basic functional unit of the nervous system. All nervous system functions depend on nerve cell communication.
Purpose: transmit and receive information
*They function through relay systems (via synapses) and networks of activatio

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9
Q

Top down processing

A

involves using pre-existing knowledge and context to guide the understanding and execution of the task

deciding to put pizza in oven for 10mins because that’s how long it’s taken in the past to reheat it and then taking a bite

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10
Q

Bottom up processing

A

involves taking in sensory information and processing it to form a coherent understanding of the task at hand.

touching a piece of reheated pizza and then deciding whether it’s warm enough to eat

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11
Q

Superior

A

above, over, toward the top

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12
Q

Inferior

A

below, under, toward the bottom

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13
Q

Superficial

A

toward the surface

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14
Q

deep

A

away from the surface

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15
Q

Lateral

A

away from midline, toward the side

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16
Q

Medial

A

toward the midline, near middle

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17
Q

Anterior

A

in front of, front

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18
Q

Posterior

A

behind, near back / rear

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19
Q

Supine

A

laying face up

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20
Q

Prone

A

laying face down

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21
Q

Proximal

A

closer to / toward point of attachment

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22
Q

Distal

A

farther from / away from point of attachment

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23
Q

central

A

toward the center

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24
Q

Peripheral

A

away from center

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25
planes of orientation
coronal, horizontal, sagittal
26
Directions
caudal-rostral dorsal-ventral superior-inferior anterior-posterior
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coronal
"frontal" divides brain into front and back sections cut through the brain from dorsal to ventral
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Horizontal
"axial" or "transverse" divides brain into upper and lower cut through the brain parallel to the horizon
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Sagittal
"median" or "midsagittal" dives brain into right and left cut through the brain from anterior to posterior
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Dorsal
superior, direction pointing up (overhead view) anterior->posterior
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Ventral
inferior, direction pointing down (under the brain) anterior->posterior
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Lateral
structures away from midline
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medial
structures closer to midline
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Terminology in humans from neck down
* Anterior: toward the front of the body * Posterior: toward the back or rear of the body * Ventral: toward the belly (interchangeable with anterior) * Dorsal: toward the back (interchangeable with posterior)
35
Terminology in human head
Anterior: toward the front of head/nose (interchangeable with rostral) * Posterior: toward the back of head (interchangeable with caudal) * Ventral: toward jaw/bottom of brain (interchangeable with inferior) * Dorsal: toward scalp/top of brain (interchangeable with superior)
36
Terminology in In Human Brainstem and Spinal Cord
Rostral: toward the head * Caudal: toward the coccyx (lower end of spinal column) * Ventral: toward the belly (interchangeable with anterior) * Dorsal: toward the back (interchangeable with posterior)
37
Afferent
* Conducting inward or toward the central nervous system * Sensory * Messages sent from muscles, skin and organs to brain. *info arriving into brain
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Efferent
Conducting outward or away from the central nervous system * Motor * Messages sent from the brain to the muscles *info exiting out of brain
39
Ipsilateral
Structures on the same side of midline * Ipsi- = same (therefore, ipsilateral = same side)
40
Contralateral
Structures on the opposite side of midline * Contra- = opposite (therefore, contralateral = opposite side) *ex: stroke patients
41
Bilateral
Both sides of the brain/midline * The point where fibers cross midline (from one side to the other) is the point of decussation/crossing
42
Right Cerebral Hemisphere
* GESTALT * Motor control left side of body * Sensory stimulus from left side of body * Prosody, intonation, emotional tone * Spatial ability * Context/perception * Recognition of faces, places, objects * Synthesizing information * Big-picture
43
Left cerebral Hemisphere
*DETAIL * Motor control right side of body * Sensory stimulus from right side of body * Speech, language and comprehension * Analysis and calculations * Time and sequencing * Recognition of words, letters, and numbers * Detail-oriented
44
Lobes
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula
45
Surface anatomy
gyrus, sulcus, fissures * Look for major sulcus first (e.g., central sulcus) * Define gyri based on these landmarks
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cerebellum
'little brain' * Coordination of movement * Balance * Motor learning
47
Animal terminology
Anterior: toward the head/nose (interchangeable with rostral) * Posterior: toward the tail (interchangeable with caudal) * Ventral: toward the underside/belly * Dorsal: toward the top/backbone
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Frontal Lobe
* Motor planning and control * Speech production * Executive functions * Motivation, inhibition, etc. * Initiation of behaviors * Working memory * Social skills * Personality -top front of brain
49
Parietal Lobe
- receives primarily somatosensory information -visual-spatial processing -word reading and comprehension - attention mechanisms -association areas "where" *top back of brain
50
Occipital
-receives primary visual information -association areas "what" *very back of brain
51
Temporal
-auditory information -language comprehension -memory (medial structures) -processing of colors, shapes, numbers -association areas "what" *bottom of brain
52
Insula
* * Feelings of anxiety, pain, cognition, and mood * * Threat recognition, sensations like taste and * * Desires, craving, addictions * - small cortical area in the lateral sulcus * - overlapped by by frontal, parietal, and temporal folds of the cortex * - Sometimes implicated in apraxia of speec
53
Gyrus
Latin: ring * Plural = gyri Motor * A hill or ridge; also called a convolution * A rounded area (hill) on the brain
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Sulcus
Latin: furrow, wrinkle * Plural = sulci * A valley or enfolding * Grooves (valleys) on the brain
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Fissure
A deep cleft, valley or enfolding. * Usually deeper than a sulcus (but not always)
56
Cortex
The outer layer of gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres
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Gray matter
* Central nervous system tissue where nerve cell bodies reside. * Appears dark in dissections * Located in cortical layers and deep nuclei
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White matter
* Central nervous system tissue where the fiber tracts (axons) reside. * Appears light in dissections due to white, fatty covering called myelin that surrounds axons. * Connects different parts of the CNS * Run win all directions and intermingle with each other * Most fibers are myelinated
59
Nucleus
A group of cell bodies- usually used to refer to structures in the central nervous system
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Ganglion
A group of cell bodies- usually used to refer to structures in the peripheral nervous system
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Fasciculus
group of axons
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Commissure
Band of fibers/axons connecting the two sides of the nervous system
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Fossa
- Cranial cavities in the base of the skull created by ridges of bone; protects the brain * Anterior cranial fossa houses frontal lobe * Middle cranial fossa houses the temporal lobes * Posterior cranial fossa houses the parietal and occipital lobes as well as the cerebellum and brainstem structures.
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Longitudinal fissure
separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres
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Central sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobes
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lateral fissure
separates frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe
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Parieto-occipital sulcus
on medial surface separates occipital lobe from parietal/temporal lobes
68
Calcarine fissure
on medial surface in occipital lobe
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pre central gyrus
anterior to central sulcus, primary motor area
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postcentral gyrus
posterior to central sulcus, primary somatosensory area
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pre central vs post central gyrus
pre-central gyrus (motor cortex) is responsible for movement on the opposite side of the body and the post-central gyrus (sensory cortex) is responsible for appreciation of sensations
72
White Matter Tract
Deep to the gray matter is the subcortical white matter, which is made up of myelinated axons that are extensions of the neuronal cell bodies, allowing them to send and receive signals
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Association tract
-confined to the same hemisphere -short association fibers connect cortical areas in adjacent gyri -long association fibers pass between cortical areas that are further removed from each other
74
Commissural fibers
-originate from cell bodies in the cortex of one hemisphere, cross the midline, and synapse with neurons in corresponding areas of cortex of the other hemisphere -the largest bundle of commissural fibers is the corpus callosum
75
Projection fibers
white matter tract that connects cortex to other areas in CNS such as brainstem, spine, cerebellum, etc.
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Cerebralspinal Fluid
* To keep the brain tissue buoyant, acting as a cushion or shock absorber. * To deliver nutrients to the brain and remove cellular waste products * To flow between the cranium and spine to compensate for changes in intracranial blood volume (the amount of blood within the brain)
77
Where is CSF fluid produced?
*produced by the choroid plexus and circulates within the ventricles.

Neuroanatomy (8 decks)

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