Intro to Neuro part 1 Flashcards
course objectives
Describe the role of the Speech-Language Pathologist in field of neurology
-screening, identification, referral
-clinical evaluation&objective assessment
-Diagnosing communication impairments
-Determining treatment plans
-providing treatment
-Documenting progress
-Determining dismissal criteria
-Patient and caregiver education and counseling
-educating other healthcare professionals
-prevention of information for high risk groups
-service advocation**
-advancing knowledge through research activities
Central Nervous System (CNS)
-Define: Brain and Spinal cord / Neuroaxis
-Neuroanatomical components: Cerebrum(R/L hemispheres), Cerebellum, Brainstem (midbrain, pons, medulla), Spinal nerves (cervical/lumbosacral)
-Functions: receive, respond, and process sensory information; provides motor info to other bodily structures
Peripheral Nervous System
-Define: nerves outside the brain/spinal cord; Cranial and Spinal nerves+autonomic nervous system
-Neuroanatomical components: Somatic and autonomic nervous system
Autonomic Nervous System
- Define: the “visceral nervous system”; Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
- regulates involuntary activities, controlling smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands
- innervates thoracic, abdominal, pelvic viscera, sweat glands, blood vessels
- ## controlled by hypothalamus
Somatic Nervous System
-controls skeletal, voluntary movements
-carries information from the skin to the brain and from the brain back to the muscles
-innervates skeletal muscle, skin, and subcutaneous tissue
-controlled by the cortical areas
Sympathetic system
*autonomic nervous system
-alertness system; “fight or flight”
-innervates organs that respond to the fight or flight response
-mobilizes response to stress, increases heart rate and respiration rate, and delivers more blood to skeletal muscles
-controlled by spinal nerves from thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord
*heart/breathing increases, pupils dilate, inhibits digestion/salivation, constricts blood vessels
parasympathetic system
*autonomic nervous system
-calmness system; “rest and digest”
-innervates visceral organs to return body to homeostasis after sympathetic activation
-reserves the response to stress and restores homeostasis; it slows heart rate and respiration rate and stimulates digestive, urinary, and reproductive activities
-controlled by cranial nerves from brainstem and spinal nerves from sacral portion of spinal cord
*heart/breathing slows, pupils constrict, stimulates digestion/salivation, dilates blood vessels
Nerves
Define: Nerve cells/neurons are the basic functional unit of the nervous system. All nervous system functions depend on nerve cell communication.
Purpose: transmit and receive information
*They function through relay systems (via synapses) and networks of activatio
Top down processing
involves using pre-existing knowledge and context to guide the understanding and execution of the task
deciding to put pizza in oven for 10mins because that’s how long it’s taken in the past to reheat it and then taking a bite
Bottom up processing
involves taking in sensory information and processing it to form a coherent understanding of the task at hand.
touching a piece of reheated pizza and then deciding whether it’s warm enough to eat
Superior
above, over, toward the top
Inferior
below, under, toward the bottom
Superficial
toward the surface
deep
away from the surface
Lateral
away from midline, toward the side
Medial
toward the midline, near middle
Anterior
in front of, front
Posterior
behind, near back / rear
Supine
laying face up
Prone
laying face down
Proximal
closer to / toward point of attachment
Distal
farther from / away from point of attachment
central
toward the center
Peripheral
away from center
planes of orientation
coronal, horizontal, sagittal
Directions
caudal-rostral
dorsal-ventral
superior-inferior
anterior-posterior
coronal
“frontal”
divides brain into front and back sections
cut through the brain from dorsal to ventral
Horizontal
“axial” or “transverse”
divides brain into upper and lower
cut through the brain parallel to the horizon
Sagittal
“median” or “midsagittal”
dives brain into right and left
cut through the brain from anterior to posterior
Dorsal
superior, direction pointing up (overhead view)
anterior->posterior
Ventral
inferior, direction pointing down (under the brain)
anterior->posterior
Lateral
structures away from midline
medial
structures closer to midline
Terminology in humans from neck down
- Anterior: toward the front of the body
- Posterior: toward the back or rear of the body
- Ventral: toward the belly (interchangeable with anterior)
- Dorsal: toward the back (interchangeable with posterior)
Terminology in human head
Anterior: toward the front of head/nose (interchangeable with rostral)
* Posterior: toward the back of head (interchangeable with caudal)
* Ventral: toward jaw/bottom of brain (interchangeable with inferior)
* Dorsal: toward scalp/top of brain (interchangeable with superior)
Terminology in In Human Brainstem and Spinal Cord
Rostral: toward the head
* Caudal: toward the coccyx (lower end of spinal column)
* Ventral: toward the belly (interchangeable with anterior)
* Dorsal: toward the back (interchangeable with posterior)
Afferent
- Conducting inward or toward the central nervous system * Sensory * Messages sent from muscles, skin and organs to brain.
*info arriving into brain
Efferent
Conducting outward or away from the central
nervous system * Motor * Messages sent from the brain to the muscles
*info exiting out of brain
Ipsilateral
Structures on the same side of midline
* Ipsi- = same (therefore, ipsilateral = same side)
Contralateral
Structures on the opposite side of midline
* Contra- = opposite (therefore, contralateral =
opposite side)
*ex: stroke patients
Bilateral
Both sides of the brain/midline * The point where fibers cross midline (from one
side to the other) is the point of decussation/crossing
Right Cerebral Hemisphere
- GESTALT
- Motor control left side of body
- Sensory stimulus from left side of body
- Prosody, intonation, emotional tone
- Spatial ability
- Context/perception
- Recognition of faces, places, objects
- Synthesizing information
- Big-picture
Left cerebral Hemisphere
*DETAIL
* Motor control right side of body
* Sensory stimulus from right side of body
* Speech, language and comprehension
* Analysis and calculations
* Time and sequencing
* Recognition of words, letters, and numbers
* Detail-oriented
Lobes
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insula
Surface anatomy
gyrus, sulcus, fissures
* Look for major sulcus first (e.g., central sulcus)
* Define gyri based on these landmarks
cerebellum
‘little brain’
* Coordination of movement
* Balance
* Motor learning
Animal terminology
Anterior: toward the head/nose (interchangeable with rostral)
* Posterior: toward the tail (interchangeable with caudal)
* Ventral: toward the underside/belly
* Dorsal: toward the top/backbone
Frontal Lobe
- Motor planning and control
- Speech production
- Executive functions
- Motivation, inhibition, etc.
- Initiation of behaviors
- Working memory
- Social skills
- Personality
-top front of brain
Parietal Lobe
- receives primarily somatosensory information
-visual-spatial processing
-word reading and comprehension - attention mechanisms
-association areas “where”
*top back of brain
Occipital
-receives primary visual information
-association areas “what”
*very back of brain
Temporal
-auditory information
-language comprehension
-memory (medial structures)
-processing of colors, shapes, numbers
-association areas “what”
*bottom of brain
Insula
- Feelings of anxiety, pain, cognition, and mood
- Threat recognition, sensations like taste and
- Desires, craving, addictions
- small cortical area in the lateral sulcus
- overlapped by by frontal, parietal, and temporal folds of the cortex
- Sometimes implicated in apraxia of speec
Gyrus
Latin: ring
* Plural = gyri Motor
* A hill or ridge; also called a convolution
* A rounded area (hill) on the brain
Sulcus
Latin: furrow, wrinkle
* Plural = sulci
* A valley or enfolding
* Grooves (valleys) on the brain
Fissure
A deep cleft, valley or enfolding.
* Usually deeper than a sulcus (but not always)
Cortex
The outer layer of gray matter in the cerebral
hemispheres
Gray matter
- Central nervous system tissue where nerve cell bodies reside.
- Appears dark in dissections
- Located in cortical layers and deep nuclei
White matter
- Central nervous system tissue where the fiber tracts (axons) reside.
- Appears light in dissections due to white, fatty covering called myelin that surrounds axons.
- Connects different parts of the CNS
- Run win all directions and intermingle with each other
- Most fibers are myelinated
Nucleus
A group of cell bodies- usually used to refer to structures in the central nervous system
Ganglion
A group of cell bodies- usually used to refer to structures in the peripheral nervous system
Fasciculus
group of axons
Commissure
Band of fibers/axons connecting the two sides of the nervous system
Fossa
- Cranial cavities in the base of the
skull created by ridges of bone; protects the brain - Anterior cranial fossa houses frontal lobe
- Middle cranial fossa houses the
temporal lobes - Posterior cranial fossa houses the
parietal and occipital lobes as well
as the cerebellum and brainstem
structures.
Longitudinal fissure
separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres
Central sulcus
separates frontal and parietal lobes
lateral fissure
separates frontal and parietal lobes from temporal lobe
Parieto-occipital sulcus
on medial surface
separates occipital lobe from parietal/temporal lobes
Calcarine fissure
on medial surface in occipital lobe
pre central gyrus
anterior to central sulcus, primary motor area
postcentral gyrus
posterior to central sulcus, primary somatosensory area
pre central vs post central gyrus
pre-central gyrus (motor cortex) is responsible for movement on the opposite side of the body and the post-central gyrus (sensory cortex) is responsible for appreciation of sensations
White Matter Tract
Deep to the gray matter is the subcortical white matter, which is made up of myelinated axons that are extensions of the neuronal cell bodies, allowing them to send and receive signals
Association tract
-confined to the same hemisphere
-short association fibers connect cortical areas in adjacent gyri
-long association fibers pass between cortical areas that are further removed from each other
Commissural fibers
-originate from cell bodies in the cortex of one hemisphere, cross the midline, and synapse with neurons in corresponding areas of cortex of the other hemisphere
-the largest bundle of commissural fibers is the corpus callosum
Projection fibers
white matter tract that connects cortex to other areas in CNS such as brainstem, spine, cerebellum, etc.
Cerebralspinal Fluid
- To keep the brain tissue buoyant, acting as a cushion or shock absorber.
- To deliver nutrients to the brain
and remove cellular waste products - To flow between the cranium
and spine to compensate for changes in intracranial blood volume (the amount of blood within the brain)
Where is CSF fluid produced?
*produced by the choroid plexus and circulates within the ventricles.
