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Microbiology and Parasitology Lecture > MODULE 4 > Flashcards

MODULE 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The bacterial cell wall is composed of a macromolecular network called

A

peptidoglycan

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2
Q

Peptidoglycan consists of a repeating _____ attached by ______ to form a lattice that surrounds and protects the entire cell

A

dissacharide
polypeptide

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3
Q

The disaccharide portion is made up of monosaccharides called

A

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

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4
Q

In gram positive cell wall bacteria, the cell wall consists of ___ layers of ______

A

many layers of peptidoglycan

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5
Q

Gram positive cell wall contain
1.
2.
3.

A
  1. teichoic acid
  2. lipoteichoic acid
  3. wall teichoic acid
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6
Q

Gram negative cell wall contain only

A

a thin layer of peptidoglycan

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7
Q

a gel-like fluid between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane.

A

periplasm

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8
Q

Gram negative cell wall composed of

A

lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
lipoproteins
phospholipids

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9
Q

is a large complex molecule that contains lipids and carbohydrates

A

lipopolysaccharide

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10
Q

lipopolysaccharide consists of three components

A

lipid A
core polysaccharide
O polysaccharide

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11
Q

is the lipid portion of the LPS and is embedded in the top layer of the outer membrane.

A

Lipid A

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12
Q

lipid A functions as a

A

endotoxin

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13
Q

is responsible for the symptoms associated with infections by gram-negative bacteria such as fever, dilation of blood vessels, shock, and blood clotting.

A

lipid A

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14
Q

is attached to lipid A and contains unusual sugars

A

core polysaccharide

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15
Q

extends outward from the core polysaccharide and is composed of sugar molecules.

A

O polysaccharide

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16
Q

The O polysaccharide functions as

A

-antigen
-useful for distinguishing species of gram negative bacteria

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17
Q

stains both gram- positive and gram-negative cells purple because the dye enters the cytoplasm of both types of cells.

A

crystal violet

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18
Q

forms large crystals with the dye that are too large to escape through the cell wall.

A

iodine (the mordant)

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19
Q

provides a contrasting color to the primary stain (crystal violet).

A

safranin

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20
Q

What are the structures internal to the cell wall

A

plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleoid
ribosomes
inclusions

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21
Q

is a thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cy- toplasm of the cell

A

plasma membrane

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22
Q

plasma membranes have

A

selective permeability

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23
Q

This term indicates that certain molecules and ions pass through the membrane, but that others are prevented from passing through it

A

selective permeability

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24
Q

What are the permeability factors

A

size
charge
polarity

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25
Q

are also important to the breakdown of nutrients and the production of energy.

A

plasma membrane

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26
Q

pigments and enzymes involved in photosynthesis are found in infoldings of the plasma membrane that extend into the cytoplasm.

These membranous structures are called

A

chromatophores
thylakoids

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27
Q

Materials move across plasma membranes of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells by two kinds of processes

A

passive and active

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28
Q

substances cross the membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

passive processes

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29
Q

the cell must use energy (ATP) to move substances from areas of low concentration to areas of high concentration

A

active processes

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30
Q

Passive processes include

A

simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

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31
Q

is the net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

A

simple diffusion

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32
Q

integral membrane proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane

A

facilitated diffusion

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33
Q

integral proteins are called

A

transporters or permeases

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34
Q

is the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with a high concentration of solvent molecules (low concentration of solute molecules) to an area of low concentration of solvent molecules (high concentra9on of solute molecules)

A

osmosis

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35
Q

What are the three tonicity of the osmosis?

A

isotonic solution
hypotonic solution
hypertonic solution

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36
Q

No net movement of water occurs.

A

isotonic solution

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37
Q

Water moves into the cell. If the cell wall is strong,
it contains the swelling. If the cell wall is weak or damaged, the cell bursts (osmotic lysis).

A

hypotonic

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38
Q

Water moves out of the cell, causing its cytoplasm to shrink (plasmolysis).

A

hypertonic solution

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39
Q

Among the substances actively transported are

A

ions
amino acids
simple sugars

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40
Q

for a prokaryotic cell the term refers to the substance of the cell inside the plasma membrane

A

cytoplasm

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41
Q

cytoplasm is about

A

80% water
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
inorganic ions

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42
Q

______ of a bacterial cell usually contains a single long, continuous, and frequently circularly arranged thread of double- stranded DNA called _____

A

nucleoid
bacterial chromosome

43
Q

In addition to the bacterial chromosome, bacteria often contain small usually circular, double- stranded DNA molecules called

A

plasmids

44
Q

the DNA of prokaryotes is not associated with ____(special chromosomal proteins found in eukaryotes)

A

histones

45
Q

prokaryotes divide through

A

binary fission

46
Q

Most bacteria range from _____ in diameter
_______ in length

A

0.2 to 2 um diameter
2 to 8 um in length

47
Q

basic shapes of bacteria

A

coccus
bacillus
spiral

48
Q

usually round but can be oval, elongated, or flaVened on one side.

A

cocci

49
Q

Cocci that remain in pairs a[er dividing are called

A

diplococci

50
Q

those that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns are called

A

streptococci

51
Q

Those that divide in two planes and remain in groups of four are known as
(cocci)

A

tetrads

52
Q

Those that divide in three planes and remain attached in cubelike groups of eight are called

A

sarcinae

53
Q

Those that divide in multiple planes and form grapelike clusters or broad sheets are called

A

staphylococci

54
Q

divide only across their short axis

A

bacilli

55
Q

Most bacilli appear as single rods, called

A

single bacilli

56
Q

appear in pairs after division in bacillus

A

diplobacilli

57
Q

occurs in chains in bacilli

A

streptobacilli

58
Q

others are oval and look
so much like cocci that they are called

A

coccobacilli

59
Q

group of spirals that are helical and flexible

A

spirochetes

60
Q

spirochetes move by means of

A

axial filaments

61
Q

star shaped cells

A

stella

62
Q

rectangular flat cells

A

haloarcula

63
Q

The shape of a bacterium is determined by

A

heredity

64
Q

most bacteria are

A

monormorphic

65
Q

they can have many shapes, not just one.

A

pleomorphic

66
Q

substance secreted on the surface of prokaryotes.

A

glycocalyx

67
Q

meaning ‘sugar coat’, general term used for substances that surround cells

A

glycocalyx

68
Q

is a viscous (s9cky), gela9nous polymer that is external to the cell wall and composed of polysaccharide, polypep9de, or both

A

glycocalyx

69
Q

glycocalyx is composed of

A

polysaccharide or polypeptide

70
Q

it is made inside the cell and secreted to the cell surface.

A

glycocalyx

71
Q

If the substance is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall, the glycocalyx is described as a

A

capsule

72
Q

If the substance is unorganized and only loosely attached to the cell wall, the glycocalyx is described as a

A

slime layer

73
Q

are important in contributing to bacterial virulence

A

capsules

74
Q

the degree to which a pathogen causes disease

A

virulence

75
Q

o[en protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the cells of the host.

A

capsules

76
Q

Bacillus anthracis produces a capsule of

A

d-glutamic acid

77
Q

is any group of microorganisms in
which cells s9ck to each other on a surface

A

biofilm

78
Q

Biofilms are frequently embedded within a self-produced matrix of

A

extracellular polymeric substance

79
Q

is a glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attach to their target environment and to each other.

A

Extracellular polymeric substance

80
Q

protects the cells within it, facilitates communica9on among them, and enables the cells to survive by aVaching to various surfaces in their natural environment .

A

EPS

81
Q

are long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria.

A

flagella

82
Q

bacteria that lack flagella

A

atrichous

83
Q

flagella distributed over the entire cell

A

peritrichous

84
Q

flagella at one or both poles or ends of the cell

A

polar

85
Q

if polar flagella may be?

A

monotrichous
lophotrichous
amphitrichous

86
Q

a single flagellum at one pole

A

monotrichous

87
Q

a tuft of flagella coming from one pole

A

lophotrichous

88
Q

flagella at both poles of the cell

A

amphitrichous

89
Q

found in Spirochetes, for motility

A

axial filaments

90
Q

bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell

A

axial filaments or endoflagella

91
Q

hairlike appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella and are used for attachment and transfer lf DNA rather than for motility

A

fimbrae

92
Q

fimbriae is found in ______ bacteria

A

gram-negative

93
Q

can occur at the poles of the bacterial cell or can be evenly distributed over the entire cell

A

fimbriae

94
Q

help bacteria adhere to epithelial surfaces in the body

A

fimbriae

95
Q

are usually longer than fimbriae and number only one or two per cell.

A

pili

96
Q

involved in motility and DNA transfer

A

pili

97
Q

a pilus extends by the addition of subunits of pilin, makes contact with a surface or another cell, and then retracts (powerstroke) as the pilin subunits are disassembled.

A

twitching motility

98
Q

the smooth gliding movement of myxobacteria.

A

gliding motility

99
Q

involved in conjugation

A

pili

100
Q

Bacteria that look like curved rods

A

vibrios

101
Q

have a helical shape, like a corkscrew, and fairly rigid bodies

A

spirilla

102
Q

also known as murein

A

peptidoglycan

103
Q

Its role is structural — to provide stability.

A

core polysaccharide

Microbiology and Parasitology Lecture (5 decks)

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