MODULE 3 Flashcards
The Cell was first described by Robert Hooke from a
thin slice of cork
fundamental unit of life
cell
What is the cell theory?
-All living things are composed of one or more cells
-Cells are the fundamental building block of life
-All cells come from pre-existing cells (life begets life)
lipid and protein layer surrounding the cytoplasm
cell membrane
rigid outer layer of the cell, of varying chemical composistion
cell wall
the hereditary material, DNA
Nuclear Material
Contains organelles, enzymes, chemicals. It is the site of most cellular metabolic activity
cytoplasm
What are the properties of all cells?
Compartmentalization and metabolism
Growth
Evolution
Cell is ____ (open or close) system
open
Chemicals from the environment are turned into new cells under the genetic direction
of preexisting cells.
growth
Cells contain ____ and evolve to display new biological properties.
genes
What are the properties of some cells?
motility
differentiation
communication
Some cells are capable of self-_____ through flagella
propulsion
Some cells can form new cell structures such as a spore, usually as part of a cellular life cycle.
differentiation
Many cells communicate or interact by means of _____ that are released or taken up.
chemicals
Prokaryotic is a greek word for
before the nucleus
always have a cell wall, a plasma membrane and a cytoplasm that contains a nucleoid and many ribosomes
prokaryotic
Eukaryotic means ______ in Greek
true nucleus
always have a plasma membrane, a membrane- bound nucleus, and a cytoplasm that contains a cytoskeleton and membranous organelles, in addiQon to ribosomes
eukaryotic
Prime example of prokaryotes
archaea and bacteria
In Prokaryotes, DNA appears as a granular structure associated with the membrane
nucleoid
Only approximately 3% of the nucleoid is
DNA
Genetic material of prokaryotes consists of _______ DNA molecule
one single circular
Prokaryotes also frequently carry one or more smaller independent circular DNAs called for
plasmids or episomes
do not integrate into the main chromosome
plasmids
can reside in the cell as independent molecules or can integrate into the main chromosome.
episomes
Allow transfer of genetic information from one cell to another by means of
conjugation
Genome is approx. _____ long
4.7 Mbp
Dimensions of prokaryotes cell
1.5 x 2 to 6 um
are characterized by a nuclear membrane that surrounds their geneQc patrimonium.
eukaryotes
is an organelle with a diameter of several μm and is mostly visible in the light microscope.
nucleus
How many pores do eukaryotes have?
3,000 to 4,000
DNA replication and transcription take place in
nucleus
protein synthesis occurs in
cytoplasm
Arrange from top to bottom
Species
class
domain
phylum
genus
kingdom
order
family
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
16S and 18S
what is S
Svedberg unit
relates to the mass and density of a molecule
svedberg unit
The nuclear material of prokaryotes typically consists of a single type of DNA molecule, called a
chromosome
Some bacteria also have nonchromosomal DNAin their cells called
plasmids
prokaryotes have only one copy of DNAand are called
haploid
has proposed that eukaryotic organisms, the Eucarya , evolved through a fusion event between an ancestor of the Bacteria ancestor of the Archaea
zillig
theory of endosymbiotic evolution
Lynn Margulis
The archaea is ______ (esther or ether) linked
ether
what is the ribosome size or eukarya?
80S
All known disease-causing (pathogenic) prokaryotes are
bacteria
a major group (phylum) of gram negative bacteria
proteobacteria
What are the two phyla that exist in the domain Archaea?
Euryarchaeota
Crenarchaeota
Most cultured Archaea are
extremophiles
system for naming organisms
nomenclature
nomenclature was established in 1735 by
Carolus Linnaeus
Genus + specific epithet
binomial system
The name of the bacteria is _____ when handwritten or _____ when computerized
underlined (handwritten)
italicized (computerized)
are geneQc elements that cannot replicate
independently of a living cell
viruses
viruses have an ______ that enables them to exist outside the host and that facilitates transmission from one host cell to another.
extracellular form
To mulQply, viruses must enter a cell in which they can replicate, a process called
infection
Some viruses cannot infect a host cell alone and rely on other viruses, known as
helper viruses
for which no intact version of the same virus exists; these defective viruses rely on unrelated viruses as helpers.
satellite viruses
are infectious RNA molecules that differ from viruses in lacking a capsid.
viroids
are small, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules that are the smallest known pathogens.
viroids
TRUE OR FALSE: Viroids infect animals or prokaryotes.
FALSE
are infectious agent composed of protein in a misfolded form.
Prions
is a gene in your DNA which encodes for prion protein
PRNP gene
is a protein on the surface of your cells
Prion protein or PrP
When a pathogenic prion enters a host cell that is expressing native prion protein, it promotes the conversion of ____ protein into _____
PrPc to PrPSc
the pathogenic prion does not subvert host enzymes or genes as a virus does; rather, it _____ by converting native prion proteins that already exist in the host cell into the _______
replicates
pathogenic form
discovery of archaea in 70s by
Carl Woese
The genus of the bacterium Escherichia coli is named for a scientist
Theodor Escherich
