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Microbiology and Parasitology Lecture > MODULE 3 > Flashcards

MODULE 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The Cell was first described by Robert Hooke from a

A

thin slice of cork

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2
Q

fundamental unit of life

A

cell

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3
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

-All living things are composed of one or more cells
-Cells are the fundamental building block of life
-All cells come from pre-existing cells (life begets life)

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4
Q

lipid and protein layer surrounding the cytoplasm

A

cell membrane

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5
Q

rigid outer layer of the cell, of varying chemical composistion

A

cell wall

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6
Q

the hereditary material, DNA

A

Nuclear Material

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7
Q

Contains organelles, enzymes, chemicals. It is the site of most cellular metabolic activity

A

cytoplasm

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8
Q

What are the properties of all cells?

A

Compartmentalization and metabolism
Growth
Evolution

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9
Q

Cell is ____ (open or close) system

A

open

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10
Q

Chemicals from the environment are turned into new cells under the genetic direction
of preexisting cells.

A

growth

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11
Q

Cells contain ____ and evolve to display new biological properties.

A

genes

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12
Q

What are the properties of some cells?

A

motility
differentiation
communication

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13
Q

Some cells are capable of self-_____ through flagella

A

propulsion

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14
Q

Some cells can form new cell structures such as a spore, usually as part of a cellular life cycle.

A

differentiation

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15
Q

Many cells communicate or interact by means of _____ that are released or taken up.

A

chemicals

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16
Q

Prokaryotic is a greek word for

A

before the nucleus

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17
Q

always have a cell wall, a plasma membrane and a cytoplasm that contains a nucleoid and many ribosomes

A

prokaryotic

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18
Q

Eukaryotic means ______ in Greek

A

true nucleus

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19
Q

always have a plasma membrane, a membrane- bound nucleus, and a cytoplasm that contains a cytoskeleton and membranous organelles, in addiQon to ribosomes

A

eukaryotic

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20
Q

Prime example of prokaryotes

A

archaea and bacteria

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21
Q

In Prokaryotes, DNA appears as a granular structure associated with the membrane

A

nucleoid

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22
Q

Only approximately 3% of the nucleoid is

A

DNA

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23
Q

Genetic material of prokaryotes consists of _______ DNA molecule

A

one single circular

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24
Q

Prokaryotes also frequently carry one or more smaller independent circular DNAs called for

A

plasmids or episomes

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25
Q

do not integrate into the main chromosome

A

plasmids

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26
Q

can reside in the cell as independent molecules or can integrate into the main chromosome.

A

episomes

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27
Q

Allow transfer of genetic information from one cell to another by means of

A

conjugation

28
Q

Genome is approx. _____ long

A

4.7 Mbp

29
Q

Dimensions of prokaryotes cell

A

1.5 x 2 to 6 um

30
Q

are characterized by a nuclear membrane that surrounds their geneQc patrimonium.

A

eukaryotes

31
Q

is an organelle with a diameter of several μm and is mostly visible in the light microscope.

A

nucleus

32
Q

How many pores do eukaryotes have?

A

3,000 to 4,000

33
Q

DNA replication and transcription take place in

A

nucleus

34
Q

protein synthesis occurs in

A

cytoplasm

35
Q

Arrange from top to bottom

Species
class
domain
phylum
genus
kingdom
order
family

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

36
Q

16S and 18S

what is S

A

Svedberg unit

37
Q

relates to the mass and density of a molecule

A

svedberg unit

38
Q

The nuclear material of prokaryotes typically consists of a single type of DNA molecule, called a

A

chromosome

39
Q

Some bacteria also have nonchromosomal DNAin their cells called

A

plasmids

40
Q

prokaryotes have only one copy of DNAand are called

A

haploid

41
Q

has proposed that eukaryotic organisms, the Eucarya , evolved through a fusion event between an ancestor of the Bacteria ancestor of the Archaea

A

zillig

42
Q

theory of endosymbiotic evolution

A

Lynn Margulis

43
Q

The archaea is ______ (esther or ether) linked

A

ether

44
Q

what is the ribosome size or eukarya?

A

80S

45
Q

All known disease-causing (pathogenic) prokaryotes are

A

bacteria

46
Q

a major group (phylum) of gram negative bacteria

A

proteobacteria

47
Q

What are the two phyla that exist in the domain Archaea?

A

Euryarchaeota
Crenarchaeota

48
Q

Most cultured Archaea are

A

extremophiles

49
Q

system for naming organisms

A

nomenclature

50
Q

nomenclature was established in 1735 by

A

Carolus Linnaeus

51
Q

Genus + specific epithet

A

binomial system

52
Q

The name of the bacteria is _____ when handwritten or _____ when computerized

A

underlined (handwritten)
italicized (computerized)

53
Q

are geneQc elements that cannot replicate
independently of a living cell

A

viruses

54
Q

viruses have an ______ that enables them to exist outside the host and that facilitates transmission from one host cell to another.

A

extracellular form

55
Q

To mulQply, viruses must enter a cell in which they can replicate, a process called

A

infection

56
Q

Some viruses cannot infect a host cell alone and rely on other viruses, known as

A

helper viruses

57
Q

for which no intact version of the same virus exists; these defective viruses rely on unrelated viruses as helpers.

A

satellite viruses

58
Q

are infectious RNA molecules that differ from viruses in lacking a capsid.

A

viroids

59
Q

are small, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules that are the smallest known pathogens.

A

viroids

60
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: Viroids infect animals or prokaryotes.

A

FALSE

61
Q

are infectious agent composed of protein in a misfolded form.

A

Prions

62
Q

is a gene in your DNA which encodes for prion protein

A

PRNP gene

63
Q

is a protein on the surface of your cells

A

Prion protein or PrP

64
Q

When a pathogenic prion enters a host cell that is expressing native prion protein, it promotes the conversion of ____ protein into _____

A

PrPc to PrPSc

65
Q

the pathogenic prion does not subvert host enzymes or genes as a virus does; rather, it _____ by converting native prion proteins that already exist in the host cell into the _______

A

replicates
pathogenic form

66
Q

discovery of archaea in 70s by

A

Carl Woese

67
Q

The genus of the bacterium Escherichia coli is named for a scientist

A

Theodor Escherich

Microbiology and Parasitology Lecture (5 decks)

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