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Microbiology and Parasitology Lecture > MODULE 1 > Flashcards

MODULE 1 Flashcards

1
Q

a systematized body of knowledge based on factual evidence

A

science

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2
Q

science comes from Latin word? meaning?

A

scientia meaning “to know”

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3
Q

study of microorganisms

A

microbiology

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4
Q

are organisms too small to be seen by the unaided eye.

A

microorganisms

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5
Q

Microbiology revolves around 2 themes

A

understanding the living world of microscopic organisms
applying our understanding of microbial life processes for the benefit of humankind and planet Earth

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6
Q

Science is subdivided into two, what are these?

A

natural science
social science

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7
Q

studies the natural phenomena

A

natural science

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8
Q

study of social life and relations between human beings

A

social science

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9
Q

Natural Science is subdivided into two, what are these?

A

Physical Science
Biological Science

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10
Q

It is the study if inorganic phenomena

A

Physical Science

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11
Q

study of organic or living phenomena

A

biological science

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12
Q

biological science is subdivided into three

A

basic
taxonomic
applied biology

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13
Q

What are the basic biological science?

A

cytology
histology
anatomy
morphology
Physiology

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14
Q

it is a subdivision of morphology

A
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15
Q

What are under taxonomic?

A

botany
bacteriology
mycology
virology
zoology

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16
Q

What are under Applied Biology

A

medicine
nursing
dentistry
veteraniry med
horticulture

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17
Q

uses and develops tools for probing the fundamental processes of life

A

microbiology

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18
Q

_____ cells share many characteristics with cells of _____ organisms

A

microbial cells
multicellular organisms

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19
Q

microorganisms can be grown to extremely ______

A

high densities

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20
Q

is defined as the study of how microbial cell’s structures, growth and metabolism function in living organisms. It includes the study of bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites.

A

microbial physiology

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21
Q

studies microorganisms for different purposes using the organisms’ whole genome or some specific genes.

A

microbial genetics

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22
Q

is concerned with the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of different kinds of diseases, particularly those diseases caused by microorganisms.

A

medical microbiology

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23
Q

this field of Science studies various clinical applications of microbes for the improvement of health.

A

medical microbiology

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24
Q

the study of microorganisms in the soil, their functions, and how they positively or negatively affect soil properties. This field of study focuses on soil microorganisms like bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae and protozoa. Each of these groups have certain characteristics that define them and their functions in soil.

A

Agricultural or soil microbiology

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25
Q

a branch of applied microbiology in which microorganisms are being utilized for industrial processes; for example, in the production of high-value products such as medicine, cleaning agents, fuels and electricity and food and beverages.

A

industrial microbiology

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26
Q

deals with study of microbes of aquatic system such as fresh or salt water systems. It includes microscopic plants, animals, bacteria, viruses and fungi and their behaviour, relation with other organisms in aquatic environment.

A

Aquatic microbiology

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27
Q

Proposed the theory of spontaneous generation

A

aristotle

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28
Q

Theory of Spontaneous Generation is also called

A

abiogenesis

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29
Q

Idea that living things can arise from nonliving matter

A

theory of spontaneous generation

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30
Q

Theory of spontaneous generation lasted for?

A

2000 years

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31
Q

The conclusions in abiogenesis were based on?

A

untested observations

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32
Q

In _______, an Italian physician, did an experiment with flies and wide-mouth jars containing meat.

A

1668
Francesco Redi

33
Q

began making and looking through simple microscopes

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek
1674

34
Q

He examined water and visualized tiny animals, fungi, algae, and single celled protozoa;

and called them?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

animalcules

35
Q

Animalcules were called ____ by the end of 19th century

36
Q

Showed that microorganisms flourished in vairous soups that had been exposed to the air

A

John Needham 1745

37
Q

John Needham claimed that there was a ______ present in the molecules of all inorganic matter, including air and the oxygen in it, that could cause spontaneous generation to occur

A

Life force

38
Q

Boiled soups for almost an hour and sealed containers by melting the _____ closed

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani
Slender necks

39
Q

By 1860, the ______ offered a prize for any experiments that would help resolve this conflict

A

Paris Academy of Sciences

40
Q

Who claimed the prize in 1864?

A

Louis Pasteur

41
Q

Published the results of an experiment he did to disprove spontaneous generation in microscopic organisms

A

Louis Pasteur

42
Q

What was the hypothesis of Pasteur?

A

Microbes come from cells of organisms on dust particles in the air; not the air itself

43
Q

What flask did Pasteur use?

A

Swan-necked flask

44
Q

What theory did Louis Pasteur proposed?

A

Theory of Biogenesis

45
Q

What is the theory of biogenesis?

A

Microbes only come from other microbes (life from life)

46
Q

How could these simple molecules be made into more complex ones?

A

Abundant energy sources
Lots of time

47
Q

He is a Russian biochemist who published “The Origin of Life” in November 1923

A

Alexander Oparin

48
Q

According to Alexander Oparin, the first organisms to emerge in the anaerobic environment of the earth must have been?

A

Heterotrophic bacteria

49
Q

He showed organic compounds could be synthesized under primitive conditions

A

Stanley Miller

50
Q

Represents some of the most pristine matter known, and their chemical compositions match the chemistry of the Sun more closely than any other class of chondrites.

A

Carbonaceous chondrites

51
Q

Seeds everywhere

A

Panspermia

52
Q

States that the seeds of life exist all over the universe and can be propagated through space from one location to another

A

Panspermia

53
Q

is a champion of extreme radiation resistance that is accounted for by a highly efficient protection against proteome, but not genome, damage

A

Deinococcus Radiodurans

54
Q

precursors to the first true cells.

A

protocells or protobiont

55
Q

a self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipids proposed as a stepping-stone to the origin of life

A

protocells

56
Q

believed to be the origin of all life on earth

A

Last Universal Common Ancestor or progenotes

57
Q

Progenotes are separated into

A

Prebacteria
Prearchaea

58
Q

Fusion between a
Prearchaean and a Prebacterium gives rise to a

A

Preeukaryote

59
Q

What Theory states that life started with the progenotes?

A

evolution from the Last Universal Common Ancestor

60
Q

Who developed the Endosymbiotif Theory?

A

Lynn Margulis

61
Q

What does symbiogenesis or endosymbiotic theory entails?

A

that life came from Prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria (phototrophic) and proteobacteria (respiring)

62
Q

Proteobacteria gives rise to

A

mitochondria

63
Q

Evolution from the LUCA specifies that:

A
  1. cell membranes of eukarya and bacteria are similar
  2. fatty acids linked to glycerol by ester linkages in eukarya and bacteria
  3. archaea do not produce long chain fatty acids
  4. chloroplasts derived from a cyanobacterium
    5 mitochondrion from another bacterium
64
Q

Cellular life was resent on Earth about

A

3.8 billion years ago

65
Q
  1. _____ began the slow oxygenation of earth about 3 bya, but current levels of O2 in the atmosphere were not achieved until 2. ____
A
  1. Cyanobacteria
  2. 500-800 million years ago
66
Q

are nucleated cells and include both microbial and multicellular organisms.

A

eukaryotes

67
Q

What are the three domains of cellular organism?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

68
Q

LUCA, last universal common ancestor. Note that 80% of Earth’s history was exclusively ____

69
Q

Identify how many percentage are the following habitat accounts for on earth:

marine subsurface-
Terrestrial subsurface-
surface oil-
oceans-
all other habitats-

A

marine subsurface- 66
Terrestrial subsurface- 26
surface oil- 4.8
oceans-2.2
all other habitats-1.0

70
Q

What microorganism causes the highest fatality on humans in 1900s?

A

influenza and pneumonia

71
Q

contain bacteria that fix molecular nitrogen for use by the plant.

A

Root nodules on the soybean plant

72
Q

What two cycles are key nutrients in nature?

A

nitrogen and sulfur cycle

73
Q

Microorganisms in the ____ of the cow convert cellulose from grass into fatty acids that can be used by the animal

74
Q

Sugars obtained from ___ or other crops are fermented to ethanol for use as a motor fuel extender.

75
Q

In the Abiotic Chemical Evolution, what are included?

A

synthesis and accumulation
polymerization
aggregation
origin of heredity

76
Q

small organic molecules undergo _____ to evolve into plasma membrane

A

polymerization

77
Q

In the experiment of Stanley Miller, in the spark chamber, the steam joins gas mixture containing what gases?

A

Methane
Ammonia
Hydrogen

78
Q

What is the temperature in the spark chamber (Stanley Miller experiment)?

79
Q

has been developed to explain the origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

endosymbiotic evolution

Microbiology and Parasitology Lecture (5 decks)

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