Module 4 Flashcards
With a large increase in blood epinephrine levels during exercise, one would expect to see a large increase in ____________ as well (driven by epinephrine).
a.) gluconeogenesis
b.) calcium calmodulin dependent kinase activity
c.) IGF-1
d.) glycogenolysis
d.) glycogenolysis
With months of training, which of the following would you expect to see?
a.) resting epinephrine levels decrease
b.) a reduction in GH levels during submaximal exercise
c.) epinephrine levels during maximal exercise decrease
d.) resting epinephrine levels rise
a.) resting epinephrine levels decrease
The breakdown of glycogen within muscle cells will still occur during exercise even if adrenergic (epeinephrine) receptors are blocked on the cells. How is this possible?
a.) increased intracellular calcium activates glycogen phosphorylase
b.) T3 can take over
c.) inorganic phosphate and ADP activate glycogen phosphorylase
d.) glucagon can take over and activate glycogen phosphorylase
a.) increased intracellular calcium activates glycogen phosphorylase
Why is it important that insulin concentrations decrease during exercise?
a.) promoting greater glucose uptake and storage during exercise would cause dangerously high levels of blood glucose
b.) glucagon can’t rise otherwise
c.) promoting greater glucose uptake and storage during exercise would be counterproductive
d.) epinephrine can’t rise otherwise
c.) promoting greater glucose uptake and storage during exercise would be counterproductive
When would you expect to see the lowest level of free fatty acid mobilization?
a.) low intensity exercise
b.) high intensity exercise
c.) moderate intensity exercise
b.) high intensity exercise
What does it mean if someone has a bruise?
a.) they have a contusion
b.) they have a strain-induced injury
c.) they have a laceration
d.) they have a broken bone
a.) they have a contusion
What would you expect to happen if someone overloaded a muscle eccentrically during training?
a.) a laceration
b.) a contusion
c.) a severe strain-induced muscle injury
d.) a mild strain-induced injury
d.) a mild strain-induced injury
In what instance would you try to eliminate all inflammation?
a.) a contusion
b.) a strain-induced injury
c.) a laceration
d.) you would never want to eliminate all inflammation
d.) you would never want to eliminate all inflammation
Which cell is very important for muscle regeneration?
a.) IGF-1 cell
b.) fibroblast cell
c.) satellite cell
d.) collagen cell
c.) satellite cell
What is NOT part of PRICE?
a.) icing the injury
b.) protecting the injury and resting
c.) compression of the injury and elevation
d.) NSAID (anti-inflammatory drug) administration
d.) NSAID (anti-inflammatory drug) administration
With endurance training, what anatomical changes would you expect to see in fast twitch fibers over time?
a.) a decrease in the number of capillaries around the fibers
b.) an increase in the number of slow myosin within the fibers
c.) a greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis
d.) a decrease in mitochondrial density within the fibers
b.) an increase in the number of slow myosin within the fibers
At what training intensity would you expect to see the largest increase in mitochondrial oxidative capacity (citrate synthase) within Type IIx fibers?
a.) 75% VO2 Max
b.) 55% VO2 Max
c.) 45% VO2 Max
d.) training intensity is not relevant
a.) 75% VO2 Max
The ability to make repeated contractions against a submaximal load is called…
a.) muscular power
b.) strength training
c.) muscular endurance
d.) aerobic endurance
c.) muscular endurance
What type of contraction involves force being exerted at a constant speed?
a.) isokinetic contraction
b.) isometric contraction
c.) isotonic contraction
d.) isometric contraction
a.) isokinetic contraction
What is mostly responsible for the strength gains seen early on in a resistance training program?
a.) increased neural inhibition
b.) hyperplasia of muscle
c.) increased recruitment of motor units
d.) hypertrophy of muscle
c.) increased recruitment of motor units
With detraining, where do the initial losses mostly come from?
a.) a decrease in stroke volume
b.) a decrease in avo2 difference
c.) a decrease in HR
d.) a reduction in mitochondrial content
a.) a decrease in stroke volume
What word best describes when a system is pushed beyond what it is normally accustomed to?
a.) overload
b.) reversibility
c.) detraining
d.) specificity
a.) overload
What is the following equation for HR Max * SV Max * (a-vo2) Max?
a.) maximal oxygen uptake
b.) basic oxygen consumption
c.) ejection fraction
a.) maximal oxygen uptake
What is believed to account for the primary difference in VO2 Max within different populations?
a.) max HR
b.) ejection fraction
c.) a-vo2 difference
d.) stroke volume
d.) stroke volume
How much training and at what intensity should someone do to improve VO2 Max?
a.) 60-120 mins, 2-3x per week at 50% VO2 Max
b.) 20-60 mins for 3+x per week at or above 50% VO2 Max
c.) 10-20 mins for 6x per week at or above 85% VO2 Max
b.) 20-60 mins for 3+x per week at or above 50% VO2 Max
With endurance training, there are typically improvements in venous return, plasma volume and ventricular volume. All of these improvements should translate into a greater…
a.) arterial smooth muscle constriction
b.) stroke volume
c.) peripheral resistance
d.) Max HR
b.) stroke volume
“You will get better at what you practice” is best describes which basic principle of training?
a.) principle of overload
b.) principle of specificity
c.) prinicple of reversibility
b.) principle of specificity
A very short, high-intensity work interval (like a 30 yard dash) is best to improve…
a.) ATP-PC system
b.) fast glycolysis
c.) aerobic power
a.) ATP-PC system
Long slow distance training is best to improve…
a.) ATP-PC system
b.) fast glycolysis
c.) aerobic power
c.) aerobic power
High-intensity, continuous exercise (aka tempo training) where the person is training for 20-40 mins at 70-85% of their VO2 Max is best to improve…
a.) ATP-PC system
b.) fast glycolysis
c.) aerobic power
c.) aerobic power
20-60 second high-intensity work intervals are best to improve…
a.) ATP-PC system
b.) fast glycolysis
c.) aerobic power
b.) fast glycolysis
Interval training of 30 seconds up to 3 minutes with a minimum work to rest ratio of 1:1 is best to improve…
a.) ATP-PC system
b.) fast glycolysis
c.) aerobic power
c.) aerobic power
True or False: long, slow distance training is equally effective for untrained individuals and elite athletes.
False
True or False: heritability accounts for around 50% of a person’s VO2 Max.
True
A bicep curl with a dumbbell is an example of…
a.) isometric training
b.) isotonic training
c.) isokinetic training
b.) isotonic training
After two years of endurance training, an athlete can expect to see improvements in _____________, which will improve their VO2 Max?
a.) HR Max
b.) SV Max
c.) a-vo2 difference
c.) a-vo2 difference
True or False: PGC-1a is the key gene that can be improved with resistance training.
False; endurance training
After 30 weeks of detraining, a person can expect to see a ___________, which is primarily due to nervous system changes.
a.) 11% decrease in strength
b.) 21% decrease in strength
c.) 31% decrease in strength
d.) 41% decrease in strength
c.) 31% decrease in strength
True or False: longer, high-volume training can improve oxidative capacity of muscle.
True
Which of the following is NOT a result of detraining, related to VO2 Max?
a.) rapid loss of plasma volume
b.) decrease in mitochondria
c.) decrease in Type IIx fibers
d.) decrease in maximal a-vo2 difference
c.) decrease in Type IIx fibers
Which of the following is NOT a function of epinephrine when a person is exercising?
a.) increasing liver glucose metabolism
b.) advancing glucose uptake
c.) mobilizing muscle glycogen
d.) increasing FFA mobilization
b.) advancing glucose uptake
True or False: people who are well-trained have less levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
True
Which of the following is NOT one of the four processes of blood glucose homeostasis?
a.) blocking the entry of glucose into nonessential cells
b.) increasing the rate of glycolysis in adipose tissue
c.) mobilizing glucose from liver glycogen stores
d.) decreasing the rate of gluconeogenesis
d.) decreasing the rate of gluconeogenesis
(it increases it)
True or False: insulin levels increase during exercise.
False; they decrease
True or False: glucagon levels increase during exercise.
True
True or False: Free Fatty Acid levels increase during HIGH intensity exercise?
False; they decrease because glucose is better for meeting ATP demand in high intensity exercise
What is the least common type of muscle injury?
a.) contusion
b.) strain-induced injury
c.) laceration
c.) laceration
What is the most common site for a strain-induced injury?
a.) myo-tendinous junction
b.) muscle
c.) tendon
d.) ligament
a.) myo-tendinous junction
The pathophysiology of a muscle injury from an ultrastructural perspective is best described as…
a.) damage to a whole muscle
b.) damage to an individual myofiber
c.) damage to an individual sarcomere
c.) damage to an individual sarcomere
Which of the following is NOT a cardinal sign of inflammation?
a.) pain
b.) warmth
c.) paleness
d.) dysfunction
c.) paleness
True or False: coagulation is important after a muscle injury, because it walls off the damaged area, which prevents infection and promotes healing.
True
True or False: scar tissue is considered regeneration.
False; it is not - because a new identical tissue is not formed
True or False: IGF-1 helps myoblast regenerate tissue, but also helps fibroblast synthasize collagen during repair.
True
When is it appropriate to use heat instead of ice?
a.) after 24 hours
b.) immediately following the injury
c.) after 48 hours
d.) after 72 hours
c.) after 48 hours
True or False: there is a high rate of re-injury for strain-induced injuries due to scar formation.
True
