Module 3

Question 1

What muscles cause the ribs to rise up and anteriorly?

a.) diaphragm
b.) external intercostals
c.) internal intercostals
d.) internal obliques

Answer 1

b.) external intercostals

Question 2

During inspiration, the chest wall expands and…

a.) pleural pressure increases
b.) volume within the pleural cavity decreases
c.) pleural pressure decreases
d.) alveolar pressure increases

Answer 2

c.) pleural pressure decreases

Question 3

How does inspiration influence the lungs?

a.) lungs recoil and alveolar pressure increases
b.) lungs recoil and alveolar pressure decreases
c.) lungs expand and alveolar pressure increases
d.) lungs expand and alveolar pressure decreases

Answer 3

d.) lungs expand and alveolar pressure decreases

Question 4

True or False: transpulmonary pressure = alveolar pressure + pleural pressure

Answer 4

False: transpulmonary pressure = the difference between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure

Question 5

During expiration, transpulmonary pressure…

a.) decreases, causing the lungs to recoil
b.) decreases, causing the lungs to expand
c.) increases, causing the lungs to recoil
d.) increases, causing the lungs to expand

Answer 5

a.) decreases, causing the lungs to recoil

Question 6

What contributes most to the elastic recoil of the lungs?

a.) elastic fibers within acinus
b.) contraction of smooth muscle within bronchioles
c.) mucus within bronchioles
d.) surface tension within alveoli

Answer 6

d.) surface tension within alveoli

Question 7

What can be done to increase resistance within the lungs?

a.) relaxation of smooth muscle within bronchioles
b.) contraction of smooth muscle within bronchioles
c.) decrease surface tension within alveoli
d.) increase surface tension within alveoli

Answer 7

b.) contraction of smooth muscle within bronchioles

Question 8

The amount of air that comes in and out of lungs within a normal breath is known as…

a.) functional residual capacity
b.) tidal volume
c.) vital capacity
d.) residual volume

Answer 8

b.) tidal volume

Question 9

The total amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration is complete and all respiratory muscles are relaxed (person is at rest) is known as…

a.) functional residual capacity
b.) tidal volume
c.) vital capacity
d.) residual volume

Answer 9

a.) functional residual capacity

Question 10

The maximal amount of air that can be removed from lungs is known as…

a.) functional residual capacity
b.) tidal volume
c.) vital capacity
d.) residual volume

Answer 10

c.) vital capacity

Question 11

The amount of air that’s always in the lungs, due to transpulmonary pressure is called…

a.) functional residual capacity
b.) tidal volume
c.) vital capacity
d.) residual volume

Answer 11

d.) residual volume

Question 12

What would you expect to see in someone with a restrictive (low compliance) lung disease?

a.) decreased flow rate
b.) increased functional residual capacity
c.) decreased vital capacity/total lung capacity
d.) increased vital capacity/total lung capacity

Answer 12

c.) decreased vital capacity/total lung capacity

Question 13

Why does the partial pressure of oxygen decrease as it moves into the lungs?

a.) because the air is humidified and mixed with air in the lungs that is rich in O2
b.) because total air pressure decreases
c.) because the air is humidified and mixed with air in the lungs that is rich in CO2
d.) because the partial pressure of nitrogen increases

Answer 13

c.) because the air is humidified and mixed with air in the lungs that is rich in CO2

Question 14

How is it possible for the partial pressure of O2 within the air and fluid to be exactly the same, yet the concentrations different?

a.) the contractions of CO2 are higher in the air
b.) O2 is very polar and binds well with water
c.) O2 is non-polar and does NOT bind well with water
d.) the contractions of nitrogen are higher in the air

Answer 14

c.) O2 is non-polar and does NOT bind well with water

Question 15

What is the most important reason for driving the partial pressure of O2 within the blood plasma in the pulmonary capillaries up to 100mmHg?

a.) to carry O2 within the plasma to the cells of the body
b.) to shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left
c.) to shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right
d.) to allow hemoglobin to bind more O2 (become more saturated)

Answer 15

d.) to allow hemoglobin to bind more O2 (become more saturated)

Question 16

What is the most important reason for driving the partial pressure of O2 within the blood plasma in the systemic capillaries down to 40mmHg?

a.) to release O2 within the plasma into the cells of the body
b.) to shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left
c.) to allow hemoglobin to bind less oxygen (become less saturated)
d.) to shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right

Answer 16

c.) to allow hemoglobin to bind less oxygen (become less saturated)

Question 17

What is the functional difference between myoglobin and hemoglobin?

a.) myoglobin is more saturated with O2 at a lower partial pressure of oxygen
b.) hemoglobin is more saturated with O2 at a higher partial pressure of oxygen
c.) myoglobin is less saturated with O2 at a higher partial pressure of oxygen
d.) hemoglobin is more saturated with O2 at a lower partial pressure of oxygen

Answer 17

a.) myoglobin is more saturated with O2 at a lower partial pressure of oxygen

Question 18

Why does VCO2 increase as exercise intensity increases?

a.) the muscle fibers are running oxidative phosphorylation at a greater rate
b.) muscle fibers are using anaerobic metabolism
c.) inorganic phosphate in the muscle fibers
d.) oxygen consumption decreases within the muscle fibers

Answer 18

a.) the muscle fibers are running oxidative phosphorylation at a greater rate

Question 19

How is an increased VCO2 during exercise related to an increased VE?

a.) an increase in hydrogen ions in the blood activates chemoreceptors, which drive an increased respiratory rate
b.) anaerobic glycolysis is a potent stimulator of neurons within the respiratory control center
c.) an increase in inorganic phosphate increases the intensity of breathing
d.) hypoxia that occurs during exercise increases respiratory rate

Answer 19

a.) an increase in hydrogen ions in the blood activates chemoreceptors, which drive an increased respiratory rate

Question 20

What is ventilatory threshold?

a.) the point at which anaerobic metabolism begins within the body
b.) the point at which VCO2 increases exponentially
c.) the point at which ventilation increases non-linearly
d.) the point at which oxygen consumption rises non-linearly

Answer 20

c.) the point at which ventilation increases non-linearly

Question 21

What is it about lactate threshold occurring that may cause ventilatory threshold to occur?

a.) inorganic phosphate is a potent stimulator of chemoreceptors
b.) muscle fibers that have a higher ATP demand than supply (resynthesis) produce large quantities of hydrogen ions, which hyperstimulate chemoreceptors
c.) increase in hyodrgen ions hyperstimulates primary motor cortex neurons
d.) muscle fibers relying mostly on anaerobic metabolism produce large quantities of hydrogen ions, which hyperstimulate chemoreceptors

Answer 21

b.) muscle fibers that have a higher ATP demand than supply (resynthesis) produce large quantities of hydrogen ions, which hyperstimulate chemoreceptors

Question 22

Besides the lactate threshold theory, what’s another possible explanation of ventilatory threshold?

a.) hydrogen ions accumulate from anaerobic glycolysis and hyperstimulate primary motor cortex neurons
b.) increased CO2 in the blood hyperstimulates chemoreceptors, which hyperstimulate neurons in the respiratory control center
c.) due to high intensity exercise, neurons in the primary motor cortex are hyperactive, and spill over and hyperstimulate neurons in the respiratory control center
d.) decreased oxygen within the muscle fibers results in an increased amount of inorganic phosphate, which activates neurons in the respiratory control center

Answer 22

c.) due to high intensity exercise, neurons in the primary motor cortex are hyperactive, and spill over and hyperstimulate neurons in the respiratory control center

Question 23

Which of the following can produce heat within the body?

a.) evaporation
b.) vasodilation
c.) free radicals
d.) glycolysis

Answer 23

d.) glycolysis

Question 24

What type of heat loss or gain involves heat being transferred to the air/water as it passes by the body?

a.) evaporation
b.) convection
c.) radiation
d.) conduction

Answer 24

b.) convection

Question 25

What type of heat loss or gain involves heat being transferred to another surface (such as pavement) as it passes by the body?

a.) evaporation
b.) convection
c.) radiation
d.) conduction

Answer 25

d.) conduction

Question 26

What type of environment makes heat loss through evaporation difficult to achieve?

a.) humid environments
b.) hot environments
c.) dry environments
d.) cold environments

Answer 26

a.) humid environments

Question 27

What method of heat loss is generally the most important during exercise?

a.) evaporation
b.) convection
c.) radiation
d.) conduction

Answer 27

a.) evaporation

Question 28

What is a hormone?

a.) chemical messenger released by one tissue that targets another tissue via the bloodstream
b.) steroid used for muscle hypertrophy
c.) chemical messenger that travels through the blood
d.) chemical messenger released by a gland

Answer 28

a.) chemical messenger released by one tissue that targets another tissue via the bloodstream

Question 29

What has broad “control” over the anterior pituitary?

a.) posterior pituitary
b.) hypothalamus
c.) testosterone levels
d.) estrogen levels

Answer 29

b.) hypothalamus

Question 30

Why do testosterone levels begin to fall when they rise?

a.) testosterone activates the anterior pituitary
b.) testosterone inhibits the hypothalamus
c.) testosterone inhibits the testes
d.) testosterone increases the metabolism of testosterone in the liver

Answer 30

b.) testosterone inhibits the hypothalamus

Question 31

Which hormone triggers the adrenal cortex to release its hormone?

a.) cortisol
b.) TSH
c.) ACTH
d.) aldosterone

Answer 31

c.) ACTH

Question 32

What is the function of glucagon?

a.) block the uptake of glucose by cells
b.) inhibit the release of insulin
c.) increase blood glucose levels
d.) decrease blood glucose levels

Answer 32

c.) increase blood glucose levels

Question 33

Why do hydrophobic hormones need transport proteins to be carried in the blood?

a.) because they are too large to be carried without them
b.) because they are polar, and must be carried instead of binding to plasma
c.) because they are non-polar, and blood plasma is polar
d.) because they cannot enter cells without them

Answer 33

c.) because they are non-polar, and blood plasma is polar

Question 34

Which airway includes the nose to the bronchioles moving air into and out of the lungs?

Answer 34

conducting zone

Question 35

Which airway includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli and moves the respiratory gases in and out of the blood?

Answer 35

respiratory zone

Question 36

______________ is the amount of pressure that exists in the lungs.

a.) atmospheric pressure
b.) alveolar pressure
c.) pleural pressure
d.) transpulmonary pressure

Answer 36

b.) alveolar pressure

Question 37

True of False: perfusion is defined as how much blood flows to the lungs.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Which of the following is true regarding perfusion?

a.) blood flows more easily to the upper cavity
b.) there is more blood pressure in the upper cavity
c.) there is more blood pressure in the lower cavity
d.) perfusion decreases by increasing cardiac output

Answer 38

c.) there is more blood pressure in the lower cavity

Question 39

____________ releases hydrogen ions into a fluid, while ____________ combines with hydrogen ions that exist in a fluid.

a.) acid; base
b.) base; acid

Answer 39

a.) acid; base

Question 40

_________ is when pH is above 7.4

a.) acidosis
b.) alkalosis
c.) alkaline

Answer 40

b.) alkalosis

Question 41

How does the body produce heat?

a.) when cells breakdown macronutrients
b.) hydrolysis during ATP
c.) both A and B
d.) neither A nor B

Answer 41

c.) both A and B

Question 42

True or False: acclimatization is the adaptations that the body goes through to adapt to a hot environment for days to weeks

Answer 42

False; acclimation

Question 43

Which of the following changes DO NOT occur as someone acclimates to a hot environment?

a.) blood plasma volume increases
b.) sweat rate decreases
c.) heart rate decreases
d.) stroke volume increases

Answer 43

b.) sweat rate decreases

Question 44

True or False: adipose tissue is considered part of the endocrine system, because it secretes hormones.

Answer 44

True

Question 45

_________ is a steroid hormone released by the adrenal cortex, that is considered one of the most important stress hormones.

a.) aldosterone
b.) androgen
c.) estrogen
d.) cortisol

Answer 45

d.) cortisol

Question 46

____________ is a hormone released by the adrenal medulla that responds to exercise intensity by increasing Heart Rate and Blood Pressure.

a.) aldosterone
b.) cortisol
c.) epinephrine
d.) norepinephrine

Answer 46

c.) epinephrine

Question 47

____________ is a hormone released from the pancreas that promotes the storage of glucose, amino acids and fats and could cause diabetes mellitus if there’s a lack of it.

a.) cortisol
b.) epinephrine
c.) insulin
d.) glucagon

Answer 47

c.) insulin

Question 48

______________ is a hormone released from the pancreas that tells the liver to break down glycogen when blood sugar levels are low.

a.) cortisol
b.) epinephrine
c.) insulin
d.) glucagon

Answer 48

d.) glucagon

Question 49

_____________ is a hormone released from the posterior pituitary that reduces water loss from the body to maintain blood plasma volume.

a.) LH
b.) FSH
c.) growth hormone
d.) ADH

Answer 49

d.) ADH

Question 50

____________ is a hormone released from the hypothalamus that controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones into the bloodstream.

a.) gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
b.) prolactin
c.) MSH
d.) oxytocin

Answer 50

a.) gonadotrophin-releasing hormone

Question 51

True or False: the alveoli can be well ventilated and exchange gases, if it is in line with blood flow.

Answer 51

True