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Psych 1101 > Module 4 > Flashcards

Module 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

cognitive development

A

t: domain of lifespan development that examines learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

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2
Q

continuous development:

A

view that development is a cumulative process: gradually improving on existing skills

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3
Q

developmental milestone:

A

approximate ages at which children reach specific normative events

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4
Q

discontinuous development:

A

view that development takes place in unique stages, which happen at specific times or ages

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5
Q

nature

A

genes and biology

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6
Q

normative approach

A

: study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones

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7
Q

nurture

A

environment and culture

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8
Q

physical development:

A

domain of lifespan development that examines growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness

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9
Q

psychosocial development:

A

domain of lifespan development that examines emotions, personality, and social relationships

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10
Q

trust v mistrust

A

0-1; trust basic needs such as nourishment

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11
Q

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

A

1-3; Develop a sense of independence in many tasks

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12
Q

Initiative vs. guilt

A

3-6; Take initiative on some activities—may develop guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries overstepped

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13
Q

Industry vs. inferiority

A

7-11; Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not

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14
Q

Identity vs. confusion

A

12-18; Experiment with and develop identity and role

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15
Q

Intimacy vs. isolation

A

19-29; Establish intimacy and relationships with others

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16
Q

Generativity vs. stagnation

A

30-64; Contribute to society and be part of a family

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17
Q

Integrity vs. despair

A

65-; Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions

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18
Q

assimilation

A

adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known

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19
Q

accommodation:

A

adjustment of a schema by changing a scheme to accommodate new information different from what was already known

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20
Q

concrete operational stage:

A

third stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from about 7 to 11 years old, children can think logically about real (concrete) events

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21
Q

conservation:

A

idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume, or number as long as nothing is added or removed

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22
Q

egocentrism:

A

preoperational child’s difficulty in taking the perspective of other

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23
Q

formal operational stage:

A

final stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from age 11 and up, children are able to deal with abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

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24
Q

object permanence:

A

idea that even if something is out of sight, it still exist

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25
Q

preoperational stage:

A

second stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from ages 2 to 7, children learn to use symbols and language but do not understand mental operations and often think illogically

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26
Q

reversibility:

A

understanding that objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition

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27
Q

schema:

A

(plural = schemata) concept (mental model) that is used to help us categorize and interpret information

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28
Q

sensorimotor stage:

A

first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; from birth through age 2, a child learns about the world through senses and motor behavior

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29
Q

theory-of-mind:

A

the understanding that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from our own

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30
Q

stages of moral reasoning:

A

process proposed by Kohlberg; humans move through three stages of moral development

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31
Q

preconventional

A

children don’t have a personal code of morality, and instead moral decisions are shaped by the standards of adults and the consequences of following or breaking their rules

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32
Q

conventional

A

characterized by an acceptance of society’s conventions concerning right and wrong. At this level an individual obeys rules and follows society’s norms even when there are no consequences for obedience or disobedience

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33
Q

postconventional

A

identifies the ethical reasoning of moral actors who make decisions based on rights, values, duties, or principles that are (or could be) universalizable

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34
Q

conception

A

: when a sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote

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35
Q

critical (sensitive) period:

A

time during fetal growth when specific parts or organs develop

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36
Q

embryo:

A

multi-cellular organism in its early stages of development

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37
Q

mitosis:

A

process of cell division

38
Q

newborn reflexes:

A

inborn automatic response to a particular form of stimulation that all healthy babies are born with

39
Q

placenta:

A

structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen to the developing baby

40
Q

prenatal care:

A

medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus

41
Q

teratogen:

A

biological, chemical, or physical environmental agent that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus

42
Q

zygote:

A

structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placenta

43
Q

rooting reflex

A

When you stroke a baby’s cheek, she naturally turns her head in that direction and begins to suck

44
Q

grasping reflex

A

automatic, unlearned, sucking motions that infants do with their mouths

45
Q

moro reflex

A

newborn’s response when she feels like she is falling. The baby spreads her arms, pulls them back in, and then (usually) cries

46
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

collection of birth defects associated with heavy consumption of alcohol during pregnancy

47
Q

fine motor skills

A

focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions (e.g., grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon)

48
Q

gross motor skills

A

focus on large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements (e.g., balancing, running, and jumping)

49
Q

cognitive empathy:

A

ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others

50
Q

motor skills:

A

ability to move our body and manipulate objects

51
Q

reinforcement:

A

feedback that strengthens future behavior

52
Q

attachment:

A

long-standing connection or bond with other

53
Q

authoritarian parenting style:

A

parents place a high value on conformity and obedience, are often rigid, and express little warmth to the child

54
Q

authoritative parenting style:

A

parents give children reasonable demands and consistent limits, express warmth and affection, and listen to the child’s point of view

55
Q

avoidant attachment:

A

characterized by child’s unresponsiveness to parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if parent leaves

56
Q

disorganized attachment:

A

characterized by the child’s odd behavior when faced with the parent; type of attachment seen most often with kids that are abused

57
Q

permissive parenting style:

A

parents make few demands and rarely use punishment

58
Q

resistant attachment:

A

characterized by the child’s tendency to show clingy behavior and rejection of the parent when she attempts to interact with the child

59
Q

secure attachment

A

: characterized by the child using the parent as a secure base from which to explore

60
Q

secure base:

A

parental presence that gives the infant/toddler a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings

61
Q

temperament:

A

innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment

62
Q

uninvolved parenting style:

A

parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful; they don’t respond to the child’s needs and make relatively few demands

63
Q

adolescence:

A

period of development that begins at puberty and ends at early adulthood

64
Q

adrenarche:

A

maturing of the adrenal glands

65
Q

emerging adulthood:

A

newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s; young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family

66
Q

gonadarche:

A

maturing of the sex glands

67
Q

menarche:

A

beginning of menstrual period; around 12–13 years old

68
Q

primary sexual characteristics:

A

organs specifically needed for reproduction

69
Q

secondary sexual characteristics:

A

physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs

70
Q

spermarche:

A

first male ejaculation

71
Q

crystallized intelligence:

A

intelligence that draw upon experience and knowledge. Measures include vocabulary tests, solving number problems, and understanding texts

72
Q

fluid intelligence:

A

information processing abilities, such as logical reasoning, remembering lists, spatial ability, and reaction time

73
Q

five stages of grief:

A

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

74
Q

hospice:

A

service that provides a death with dignity; pain management in a humane and comfortable environment; usually outside of a hospital setting

75
Q

motivation:

A

wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal

76
Q

extrinsic motivation:

A

motivation that arises from external factors or rewards

77
Q

intrinsic motivation:

A

motivation based on internal feelings rather than external rewards

78
Q

identity diffusion

A

not really caring about part of identity

79
Q

identity moratorium

A

exploring options for identity

80
Q

identity achievement

A

picks an identity

81
Q

identity foreclosure

A

commit to an identity w/out exploring options (maybe due to pressure)

82
Q

personality trait

A

relatively stable and enduring tendency to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations

83
Q

openness to experience

A

curious, imaginative, flexible thinking, accepting, and creative

84
Q

Conscientiousness

A

is characterized by competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, and achievement-striving (goal-directed behavior)

85
Q

extroversion

A

characterized by sociability, assertiveness, excitement-seeking, and emotional expression

86
Q

agreeableness

A

is the tendency to be pleasant, cooperative, trustworthy, and good-natured

87
Q

neuroticism

A

which is the tendency to experience negative emotions, insecure

88
Q

primary emotions

A

innate, universal; anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness, surprise, contempt

89
Q

secondary emotions

A

blend of primary emotions, complex, learned

90
Q

valence

A

how pleasant or unpleasant a feeling is

Psych 1101 (4 decks)

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