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Psych 1101 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Axon

A

major extension of the soma

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2
Q

Dendrite

A

branch-like extension of the soma that receives incoming signals from other neurons

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3
Q

Glial cell

A

nervous system cell that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation and communication, and nutrient and waste transport
(More than neurons)

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4
Q

Myelin sheath

A

fatty substance that insulates axons

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5
Q

Neuron

A

cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system

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6
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger of the nervous system

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7
Q

Receptor

A

protein on the cell surface where neurotransmitters attach

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8
Q

Semipermeable membrane

A

cell membrane that allows smaller molecules or molecules without an electrical charge to pass through it, while stopping larger or highly charged molecules

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9
Q

Soma

A

Cell body

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10
Q

Synapse

A

small gap between two neurons where communication occurs

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11
Q

Synapse vesicles

A

storage site for neurotransmitters

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12
Q

action potential:

A

electrical signal that moves down the neuron’s axon; when ___ reaches terminal buttons it releases neurotransmitters into synapse

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13
Q

agonist

A

drug that mimics or strengthens the effects of a neurotransmitter

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14
Q

all or none

A

phenomenon that incoming signal from another neuron is either sufficient or insufficient to reach the threshold of excitation

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15
Q

antagonist

A

drug that blocks or impedes the normal activity of a given neurotransmitter

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16
Q

biological perspective

A

view that psychological disorders like depression and schizophrenia are associated with imbalances in one or more neurotransmitter systems

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17
Q

depolarizarion

A

when a cell’s charge becomes positive, or less negative

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18
Q

hyperpolarizarion

A

when a cell’s charge becomes more negative than its resting potential

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19
Q

membrane potential

A

difference in charge across the neuronal membrane

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20
Q

psychotrophic medication

A

drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring neurotransmitter balance

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21
Q

resting potential

A

the state of readiness of a neuron membrane’s potential between signals

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22
Q

reuptake

A

neurotransmitter is pumped back into the neuron that released it

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23
Q

terminal button

A

axon terminal containing synaptic vesicles

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24
Q

threshold of extinction

A

level of charge in the membrane that causes the neuron to become active

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25
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord; part of electrochemical system

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26
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

Made up of thick bundles of axons called nerves which carry messages to and from between the CNS and the muscles, organs, and senses in the periphery of the body; somatic and automatic nervous system

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27
Q

somatic nervous system

A

associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary; Involved in the relay of sensory and motor information (neurons) to and from the CNS

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28
Q

afferent

A

Sensory neurons carry sensory info to the CNS and are ____ fibers (moving towards)

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29
Q

efferent

A

Motor neurons carry instructions from the CNS to the muscles and are ___ fibers (moving away from)

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30
Q

automatic nervous system

A

controls our internal organs and glands and is generally considered to be outside the realm of voluntary control; two divisions

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31
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

involved in preparing the body for stress-related activities; Activated when we are faced with stressful or high-arousal situations. The activity of this system was adaptive for our ancestors, increasing their chances of survival; fight or flight

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32
Q

fight or flight

A

allows the body access to energy reserves and heightened sensory capacity so that it might fight off a threat or run away to safety

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33
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

associated with returning the body to routine, day to day operations

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34
Q

homeostasis

A

state of equilibrium—biological conditions, such as body temperature, are maintained at optimal levels

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35
Q

hormones

A

chemical messengers that must bind to a receptor and are secreted into the bloodstream (effects are widespread)

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36
Q

endocrine system

A

consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances called hormones

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37
Q

pituitary gland

A

descends from hypothalamus at base of the brain and acts in close association with; Often called master gland because its messenger hormones control all the the other glands in the endocrine system
Secretes growth hormones, endorphins for pain relief, and a number of key hormones that regulate fluid levels in the body

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38
Q

thyroid gland

A

releases hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and appetite

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39
Q

adrenal gland

A

sits atop kidneys and secretes hormones involved in stress response like epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

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40
Q

pancreas

A

internal organ that secretes hormones that regulate blood sugar levels (insulin and glucagon;

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41
Q

diabetes

A

People who suffer from ___do not produce enough insulin; therefore, they must take medications that stimulate or replace insulin production

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42
Q

female gonads

A

Secrete estrogen and progesterone

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43
Q

male gonads

A

Secrete androgens (like testosterone)

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44
Q

gonads

A

secrete sexual hormones; important in reproduction, and medicate both sexual motivation and behavior

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45
Q

brain

A

Bilateral structure separated into distinct lobes with billions of interconnected neurons and glia

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46
Q

spinal cord

A

Connects brain to the outside world
Relay station; routes messages to and from brain, but also has its own system of automatic processes called reflexes

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47
Q

neuroplasticity

A

refers to how nervous system can adapt and change; can involve creation of new synapses, pruning of synapses that are no longer used, changes in glial cells, and even the birth of new neurons

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48
Q

cerebral cortex

A

surface of the brain; characterized by a distinctive pattern of folds or bumps; associated with higher level processes such as consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, and memory

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49
Q

gyri

A

patterns of folds or bumps of brain

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50
Q

sulci

A

grooves in brain

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51
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

most prominent sulci; deep groove that separates the brain into two halves or hemispheres

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52
Q

left hemisphere

A

controls the right side of the body; been shown to be superior for forming associations in memory, selective attention, and positive emotions

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53
Q

right hemisphere

A

controls the left side of the body
been shown to be superior in pitch perception, arousal, and negative emotions

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54
Q

corpus callosum

A

thick band of neural fibers connecting the brain’s two hemispheres

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55
Q

laterization

A

concept that each hemisphere of the brain is associated with specialized functions

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56
Q

forebrain

A

contains cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the limbic system

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57
Q

frontal lobe

A

located in the forward part of the brain, extending back to a fissure called the central sulcus; Involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language

Contains motor cortex

prefrontal cortex

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58
Q

broca’s area

A

essential for language production; Suffer damage to this area will have difficulty producing language of any form

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59
Q

primary motor cortex

A

frontal lobe; strip running along the side of the brain is in charge of voluntary movements like waving goodbye, wiggling your eyebrows, and kissing

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60
Q

parietal lobe

A

located immediately behind the frontal lobe; involved in processing info from the body’s senses; contains somatosensory cortex

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61
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

essential for processing sensory information from across the body (touch, temperature, pain)

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62
Q

temporal lobe

A

located on the side of the head; associated with hearing memory, emotion, and some aspects of language; has auditory cortex and Wernicke’s area

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63
Q

auditory cortex

A

main area responsible for processing auditory information

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64
Q

wernicke’s area

A

important for speech comprehension; damage to this area can produce sensible language but are not able to understand it

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65
Q

occipital lobe

A

located at the back of the brain; contains primary visual cortex (responsible for interpreting incoming visual information)

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66
Q

motor cortex

A

involved in planning and coordinating movements

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67
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

responsible for higher-level cognitive functioning
Broca’s and Wernicke’s area

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68
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay for the brain; all sense except smell

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69
Q

limbic system

A

involved in processing both emotion and memory; Sense of smell projects through the _____
three important different structures (hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus)

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70
Q

hippocampus

A

essential structure for learning and memory; Damage to the ____ affects the retention of newer memories, but older memories are still stored, unaffected

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71
Q

amygdala

A

involved in our experience of emotion and in tying emotional meaning to our memories

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72
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates a number of homeostatic processes (regulation of body temperature, appetite, and blood pressure)

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73
Q

midbrain

A

comprised of structures located deep within the brain, between forebrain and hindbrain (reticular formation, substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA)

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74
Q

reticular formation

A

located in midbrain and extends up to forebrain and down into hindbrain; important in regulating the sleep/wake cycle, arousal, alertness, and motor activity

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75
Q

substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A

regions contain cell bodies that produce dopamine and are both critical for movement
Degeneration involved in Parkinson’s disease
Involved in mood, reward, and addiction

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76
Q

hindbrain

A

located at the back of the head and looks like an extension to the spinal cord; medulla, pons, cerebellum

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77
Q

medulla

A

controls the autonomic nervous system (breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate

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78
Q

pons

A

serves to connect the hindbrain to the rest of the brain; involved in regulating brain activity during sleep

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79
Q

cerebellum

A

receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement and motor skills; Thought to be important for processing some types of memories (procedural memory)

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80
Q

computerized tomography (CT)

A

involves taking a number of x-rays of a particular section of a person’s body or brain

81
Q

positron emission tomography (PET)

A

create pictures of the living active brain (show little detail and cannot pinpoint events precisely in time); injection of tracer, color coded images

82
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

person is placed inside a machine that generates a strong magnetic field; field causes hydrogen atoms in cell’s body to move; When field is turned off, atoms emit electromagnetic signals as they return to original position

83
Q

functional MRI

A

shows changes in brain activity over time by tracking blood flow and oxygen levels
Provides more detailed images and better accuracy in time
Noninvasive

84
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

provides a measure of a brain’s electrical activity (brain waves); Such information is especially helpful to researchers studying sleep patterns among individuals with sleep disorders

85
Q

adoption study

A

a behavior genetic research method that involves comparison of adopted children to their adoptive and biological parents

86
Q

behavioral genetics

A

the empirical science of how genes and environments combine to generate behavior

87
Q

heritability coefficient

A

an easily misinterpreted statistical construct that purports to measure the role of genetics in the explanation of differences among individuals

88
Q

quantitative genetics

A

scientific and mathematical methods for inferring genetic and environmental processes based on the degree of genetic and environmental similarity among organisms

89
Q

twin studies

A

a behavior genetic research method that involves comparison of the similarity of identical (monozygotic; MZ) and fraternal (dizygotic; DZ) twins

90
Q

allele

A

specific version of a gene

91
Q

chromosome

A

long strand of genetic information

92
Q

DNA

A

double helix-shaped molecule made of nucleotide base pairs

93
Q

dominant allele

A

allele whose phenotype will be expressed in an individual that possesses that allele

94
Q

genetic environmental correlation

A

view of gene-environment interaction that asserts our genes affect our environment, and our environment influences the expression of our genes

95
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup of an individual

96
Q

mutation

A

sudden, permanent change in a gene

97
Q

phenotype

A

individual’s inheritable physical characteristics

98
Q

polygenic

A

multiple genes affecting a given trait

99
Q

recessive allele

A

allele whose phenotype will be expressed only if an individual is homozygous for that allele
theory of evolution by natural selection:

100
Q

epigenome

A

a dynamic layer of information associated with DNA that differs between individuals and can be altered through various experiences and environments

101
Q

epigenetics

A

study of gene-environment interactions, such as how the same genotype leads to different phenotypes

102
Q

gene

A

sequence of DNA that controls or partially controls physical characteristics

103
Q

range of reaction

A

asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall

104
Q

fixed mindset

A

people that think this way don’t really believe they can learn new things

105
Q

growth mindset

A

think of talent as something that is developed through effort. They understand that any of us can be good at anything as long as we’re willing to put in the time to build our skills in that area.

106
Q

consciousness

A

awareness of internal (pain, hunger, thirst) and external (light from seeing sun etc.) stimuli

107
Q

wakefulness

A

characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

108
Q

biological rhythm

A

internal rhythms of biological activity; recurring cyclical pattern of bodily changes

109
Q

circadian rhythm

A

biological rhythms that takes place over a period of about 24hr

110
Q

biological clock

A

innate timing device, comprised of specific molecules (proteins) that interact in cells throughout the body; every organ and tissue and controlled by hypothalamus

111
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

brain’s clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus

112
Q

chronotype

A

individual differences in circadian patterns of activity indicating a propensity to sleep at a certain time

113
Q

melatonin

A

hormone secreted by the endocrine gland that serves as an important regulator of the sleep-wake cycle; released by pineal gland

114
Q

insomnia

A

consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month’s time

115
Q

jet lag

A

collection of symptoms brought on by travel from one time zone to another that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

116
Q

rotating shift work

A

work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

117
Q

sleep debt

A

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

118
Q

depressant

A

drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity (agonist of GABA)

119
Q

physical dependence

A

involves changes in normal bodily functions—the user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use

120
Q

physiological dependence

A

emotional, rather than physical, need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve ____ distress

121
Q

tolerance

A

linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drugs to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. ____ can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to a dangerous level—even to the point of overdose and death

122
Q

drug withdrawal

A

variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug

123
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems;

An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system,

antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity

124
Q

stimulants

A

drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system
(cocaine, amphetamines, methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine

125
Q

methamphetamine

A

type of amphetamine that can be made from pseudoephedrine, an over-the-counter drug; widely manufactured and abused

126
Q

opioid

A

category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine
have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain (agonist)

127
Q

codeine

A

opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain

128
Q

methadone

A

synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs; used to manage withdrawal symptoms in opiate users

129
Q

hallucigen

A

class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences; marijuana, psilocybin (shrooms), mescaline (peyote), and LSD (can be agonist or antagonists)

130
Q

hypnosis

A

state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli

131
Q

meditation

A

clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus

132
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection

133
Q

sleep rebound

A

sleep-deprived individuals will experience longer sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep

134
Q

beta waves

A

high frequency, low amplitude (awake, alert)

135
Q

alpha waves

A

lower frequency, higher amplitude, more rhythmic

136
Q

stage 1

A

transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. During this time, there is a slowdown in both the rates of respiration and heartbeat; sleep involves a marked decrease in both overall muscle tension and core body temperature
Alpha and beta waves

137
Q

stage 2

A

the body into a state of deep relaxation; Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles

138
Q

sleep spindle

A

rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory

139
Q

k-complex

A

in stage 2; very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli

140
Q

stage 3

A

deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because these stages are characterized by low frequency (less than 3 Hz), high amplitude delta waves; heart rate and respiration slow dramatically; High muscle tone and not dreaming \
Typically occurs during the beginning of the sleep stage

141
Q

REM sleep

A

period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids; controlled by pons;____ sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone

142
Q

theta wave

A

type of low frequency, low amplitude brain wave characteristic of the end of stage 1 sleep

143
Q

delta wave

A

type of low frequency, high amplitude brain wave characteristic of stage 3 sleep

144
Q

manifest content

A

actual content or storyline of a dream

145
Q

latent content

A

hidden meaning of a dream

146
Q

Threat-simulation theory:

A

suggests that dreaming should be seen as an ancient biological defense mechanism

147
Q

Exception-fulfillment theory:

A

dreaming serves to discharge emotional arousals (however minor) that haven’t been expressed during the day; practice frees up space in the brain to deal with the emotional arousals of the next day and allows instinctive urges to stay intact

148
Q

Activation-synthesis theory

A

dreams are electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories. The theory posits that humans construct dream stories after they wake up, in a natural attempt to make sense of the nonsensical

149
Q

Continual-activation theory:

A

proposes that dreaming is a result of brain activation and synthesis. Dreaming and REM sleep are simultaneously controlled by different brain mechanisms. The hypothesis states that the function of sleep is to process, encode, and transfer data from short-term memory to long-term memory through a process called consolidation (not much evidence to support)

150
Q

cataplexy

A

lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles

151
Q

central sleep apnea

A

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

152
Q

cognitive-behavioral therapy

A

: psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors that is sometimes used to treat sleep disorders such as insomnia

153
Q

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP):

A

device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper’s nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person’s airways, forcing them to remain open

154
Q

Nacrolepsy

A

sleep disorder in which the sufferer cannot resist falling to sleep at inopportune times

155
Q

night terror

A

sleep disorder in which the sleeper experiences a sense of panic and may scream or attempt to escape from the immediate environment

156
Q

obstructive sleep apnea:

A

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

157
Q

parasomnia:

A

one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep

158
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

A

: sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

159
Q

restless leg syndrome:

A

sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs

160
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS):

A

infant (one year old or younger) with no apparent medical condition suddenly dies during sleep

161
Q

sleepwalking

A

(also, somnambulism) sleep disorder in which the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors

162
Q

sleep apnea

A

sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep

163
Q

Amplitude

A

Height of wave

164
Q

Blind spot

A

point where we cannot respond to visual information in that portion of the visual field

165
Q

Cornea

A

transparent covering over the eye

166
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

all the electromagnetic radiation that occurs in our environment

167
Q

Fovea

A

small indentation in the retina that contains cones

168
Q

Frequency

A

number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period

169
Q

Hertz

A

cycles per second; measure of frequency

170
Q

Iris

A

colored portion of the eye

171
Q

Lense

A

curved, transparent structure that provides additional focus for light entering the eye

172
Q

Optic chiasm

A

X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain’s ventral surface; represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes and the separation of information from the two sides of the visual field to the opposite side of the brain

173
Q

optic nerve

A

carries visual information from the retina to the brain

174
Q

photoreceptor

A

light-detecting cell

175
Q

pupil

A

small opening in the eye through which light passes

176
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive lining of the eye

177
Q

Rod

A

Specialized photoreceptor that works well in low light conditions

178
Q

Trough

A

Lowest point of wave

179
Q

Visible spectrum

A

Portion of electromagnetic spectrum we can see

180
Q

Wavelength

A

Length of wave from one peak to the next peak

181
Q

Afterimage

A

Continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus

182
Q

Binocular cue

A

Cue that relies on both eyes

183
Q

Monocular cue

A

Cue only requires one eye

184
Q

Binocular disparity

A

Slightly different view of the world that each eye sees

185
Q

Opponent process theory

A

Color is coded in opponent pairs; black and white, green and red, yellow and blue

186
Q

Synesthesia

A

Blending of two or more sensory experiences

187
Q

Trichromatic theory of color

A

Color vision is mediated by the activity across the three groups of cones

188
Q

Vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

Coordination of motion info with visual info that allows you to maintain your gaze on an object while you move

189
Q

Basilar membrane

A

Thin strip of tissue within the cochlea that contains the hair cells which serve as the sensory receptors for the auditory system

190
Q

Cochlea

A

Contains the sensory receptor cells of the auditory system

191
Q

Incus

A

Middle ear ossicle (anvil)

192
Q

Malleus

A

Middle ear ossicle: hammer

193
Q

Pinna

A

Most visible part of the eat

194
Q

Stapes

A

Middle ear ossicle; stirrup

195
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum

196
Q

Binaural cue

A

Two eared cue to localize sound

197
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

Failure in the vibration of the eardrum or movement of the ossicles

198
Q

Congenital deafness

A

Deafness from burth

Psych 1101 (4 decks)

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