Module 4 Flashcards
What are the qualities of qualitative research?
- Credibility
- Transferability
- Dependability
- Comfirmability
What is Credibility?
Internal Validity
Do the findings reflect reality?
In Quantitative research:
Internal validity = Do you really measure what you intended to measure?
In Qualitative research:
Credibility = Comprehensive, trustworthy and sensible explanations of the data
i. e.
- Member checking
- Include study materials (i.e. questionnaire, etc.)
- Thick descriptions of the data
- Researcher triangulation
What is Transferability?
In Quantitative research: External validity = generalizability
in Qualitative research: Relevance of the concepts and findings to other settings
i. e.
- Contextual information about study methods and participants
What is Dependability?
in Quantitative research:
reliability = to what extent were the findings a true reflection of reality?
In Qualitative research: Coherence between methods and findings, transparency of the research process
i. e.
- Transparent reporting
- Audio recording
- Transcription
- Computer software
What is Confirmability?
In Quantitative research = Objectivity
In Qualitative research:
Confirmability = Findings and interpretations that reflect the views of participants
i. e.
- Number checking
- Inclusion of raw data
- Reflexivity
- Researcher triangulation
What is the general principle of Confirmability?
Neutrality
What is the general principle of Transferability?
Applicability / relevance
What is the general principle of Dependability?
Consistency
What is the general principle of Transferability?
Truth/reality
What are the Tracy’s 8 “must have” criteria?
- Worthy topic
- Rich rigour
- Sincerity
- Credibility
- Resonance
- Significance contribution
- Ethical
- Meaningful Coherence
What does “Meaningful coherence” principle mean from the Tracy’s must haves?
That the research addresses what it claims to address, uses appropriate methods, and links research questions, literature and findings
What does “ethical principle” imply from the Tracy’s must haves?
That the research considers and engages in ethical practices
What does the “significance contribution” principle mean from the Tracy’s must haves?
The research makes an impact in terms of such outcomes as theory, practice, and morality
What does the “Resonance” principle mean from the Tracy’s must haves?
That the researcher/research - has an affecting impact on readers
What does the “Sincerity” principle mean from the Tracy’s must haves?
That the researcher is reflexive about values and biases and is transparent
What does the “Rich Rigour” principle mean from the Tracy’s must haves?
That the research supplies rich data and does so appropriately
What are some of the techniques you can use to increase the validity of qualitative research?
- Triangulation
- Member’s check
- Peer review
- Counter examples
- Thick description
- Audit trail
- Reflexivity
- Data Saturation
- Exploration of alternatives
Describe the Member’s check technique
Members Check means verifying with the research participants whether they can recognize particular findings and interpretations from the transcripts or data analysis
Describe the Peer Review technique
Peer Review means inviting colleagues outside of the study to give you comments on the research results
Describe the Counter Examples technique
Counter Examples means looking for cases that could contradict or refute your findings
Describe the Thick Descriptions technique
Thick Descriptions means giving a narrative and detailed description of your empirical data, allowing the reader to get insights into the relationship between raw and data and your interpretation
Describe the Audit Trail technique
Audit Trail means keeping a systematic record of our practical steps in the research process and the corresponding interviewees
Describe the Reflexivity technique/concept
Reflexivity means providing insights into how you experienced the role of researcher and how this may have influenced the research readings
Describe the Data Saturation technique/concept
Data Saturation means that the data was collected until saturation was reached, i.e. until no new information is found and the findings become very repetitive
Describe the Exploration of Alternatives technique/concept
Exploration of Alternatives means using multiple lenses to compare your coding and ensure that you are not confirming biases
Describe the Triangulation technique
Triangulation means using different methods, data sources, researcher, and angles to verify or strengthen your findings
What is the correct structure of Qualitative research?
- Introduction
What is the empirical or theoretical problem? What is the worthiness of the topic? - Literature review:
- what do we know about the problem?
- How will your research add to existing knowledge? - Methods
- What is the research method, context, sample, data collection strategy, analysis strategy, your own role, quality procedures, etc.? - Findings
- Thick description, story telling, tables, data tree s, etc. - Discussions
Answer to your research question, model, propositions, contribution to the existing theories, etc. - Conclusion
Limitations and future research - Appendix
Interview protocol, etc.
