Module 3

Question 1

What is Data Saturation?

Answer 1

Once the information on the interviews becomes repetitive, then you can be confident that you have collected enough data
(make sure you don’t interview people from the same network/subgroup. Otherwise it will get repetitive very fast)

Question 2

What are the goals of Data Analysis?

Answer 2

1. To reduce data

2. Draw inferences (i.e. plausible relationships, building new hypotheses, etc.)

Question 3

What is the process of Data Analysis?

Answer 3

1. Segmentation
   Reduce data into manageable and comprehensible pieces
2. Reassemble
   make sense of the data from a theoretical perspective

Question 4

What are the 2 underlying approaches for analyzing qualitative data?

Answer 4

1. Inductive
   Look at the data and see what it is telling you (i.e. for exploratory research)
2. Deductive
   Look for concepts and themes in your data

Eventually both are combined

Question 5

What are some of the methods for qualitative data analysis?

Answer 5

1. Narrative Analysis
2. Hermeneutics
3. Semiotics
4. Content Analysis
5. Conversation Analysis
6. Discourse Analysis
7. Grounded Theory
   Coding
   etc.

Question 6

What is Discourse Analysis?

Answer 6

Analyzing how text or language are constructed by the social context
Descriptive or critical

Suitable data types: verbal and written

Question 7

What is Narrative Analysis?

Answer 7

In narrative analysis, you analyze stories, subjective recollections of events
to see how people make sense of events

Can be used to explore topics like leaderships, culture, group behavior, etc.

Suitable data sources: verbal and written

Question 8

What is Thematic Analysis?

Answer 8

A method to identify, analyze and report patters(themes) in the data
It is used to understand common shared experiences and behaviors. The goal is to describe a phenomenon by showing how relevant themes relate to one another
Analyzed by coding for themes

Question 9

What is Grounded Theory?

Answer 9

Grounded Theory is a systematic coding process, it is inductive and iterative
Analysis and theory building takes place during and after data collection.
1. Identify major themes in the data
2. Describe categories, define main and sub categories
3. Selective codes: core categories that help you build a theoretical model
Repeat

Question 10

What is a Gioia Template?

Answer 10

The Gioia template offers a very structured coding strategy for Grounded Theory.
You also start with raw data and through iterative cycles of analysis reach multiple levels of higher abstraction

Question 11

What constitutes “findings”?

Answer 11

Data is not findings
Analysis is not findings
Findings are based on interpretation of the researcher

“Theoretical findings are a coherent framework that attempts to describe, understand, and explain aspects of social life.”

Question 12

What is the difference between deductive and inductive coding?

Answer 12

Deductive coding starts from an initial list of codes based on a design hypothesis/theory

Inductive coding develops initially descriptive, then more analytic codes based on the primary data

Question 13

What is rhetorical analysis?

Answer 13

Rhetorical analysis is one of the tools best suited for identifying how a communicative message seeks to have an impact on its audiences. The focus here is again on the composition of the texts, and not the actual impact of those texts on audiences

Question 14

What are the 3 pillars of Rhetorical Analysis?

Answer 14

1.LOGOS: Rational reasoning
The structure of argumentation,
i.e. what are the premises and the conclusions? what is the logic of moving from premises o the conclusions?

2. PATHOS: Emotional Appeal
   The us of emotions,
   i.e. what emotions are stirred by the use of certain words, stories or images?
3. ETHOS: Reputation of the speaker
   The mechanisms through which the speaker builds and invokes their credibility
   i.e. how is the speaker demonstrating their expertise? Why should we trust them?

Question 15

With what kinds of texts does Rhetorical Analysis work well?

Answer 15

With texts with a persuasive intent:

• Electoral Campaigns
• Advertisements
• Publish Speeches
• etc.

Question 16

What is the focus of Thematic Analysis method?

Answer 16

The focus of thematic analysis is on examining and converting research data to identify and report on key patterns within the data, i.e. the “themes”.

Question 17

What is a “theme” in thematic analysis?

Answer 17

A theme captures something important about the data in relation to the research question.

Question 18

Is Thematic Analysis conducted in a deductive or inductive method?

Answer 18

Thematic analysis can be conducted in a deductive OR inductive manners.
i.e.

Deductive: creation of relevant categories may be developed based on underlying theory from the field or the research question

Inductive: creation of categories based on the data that we find

In most cases we use both.

Question 19

How is thematic analysis conducted?

Braun and Clarke’s method

Answer 19

1. Reading and re-reading, writing down initial ideas
2. Generate initial codes
3. Merge similar/related codes into larger categories/themes
4. Revise and improve the themes, refine each theme, develop clear definition of what each theme pertains, pay attention to nuances, contradictions, and difference within the themes.

In short: condensing the data into themes and then expanding each main theme to capture its complexity

Question 20

How is Braun and Clarke’s Thematic Analysis method different from the Kurchartz method?

Answer 20

Both start with familiarizing with the data.
But then Brain and Clarke’s approach focuses on developing codes that are then collated into themes
(INDUCTIVE approach)

but Kuckartz focuses on creating topical categories/themes and applying them to the data in order to create initial codes.
(DEDUCTIVE approach). Research question is a part of the analysis process.

Question 21

What is the key advantage of thematic analysis?

Answer 21

1. Flexibility
   However, it’s also the main disadvantage because it requires reflexivity on the part of the researcher
2. Suitable for large amounts of data, multiple researchers can be involved.

Question 22

What are the main disadvantages of the thematic analysis?

Answer 22

Concerns about the reliability and the verification of themes
and the potential to overlook key pieces of data that may be outside of the expected or developed categories

Question 23

Is Grounded Theory an inductive or deductive approach? Explain.

Answer 23

Grounded theory is an Inductive approach. Rather than impose a theory on a given research topic, grounded theory derives the codes and themes from the data.

Question 24

What are the 2 basic rules of category building in Grounded theory according to Glaser and Strauss?

Answer 24

1. Categories must not be forced on the data, instead they should emerge form the ongoing process of data analysis
2. Theoretical sensitivity:
   Any development of categories requires the researcher to employ theoretical sensitivity,
   meaning that the researcher must be open to seeing and reflecting upon data material with the help of theoretical terms

Question 25

What is Theoretical Sensitivity?

Answer 25

Theoretical sensitivity means that the researcher must be open to seeing and reflecting upon data material with the help of theoretical terms

Question 26

What are the steps of Grounded Theory?

Answer 26

1. Open Coding
   Capturing what the researcher sees in the data
2. Axial Coding
   Reviewing the open codes (not the whole text, only the codes) and putting them into categories
3. Selective Coding
   Usually 2-4 codes that connect the axial codes with the literature and help answer the research question.

Question 27

What is a In Vivo Codes?

Answer 27

Same as an open code but when using the exact wording from the text.

Question 28

What is the main difference between Thematic Analysis and the Grounded Theory?

Answer 28

Grounded Theory method doesnt apply theory at the beginning of the coding process. Instead the analysis process builds up to theory concepts later. Initially the text is read objectively, without the lens of some theories.