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ecology exam 1 > module 4 > Flashcards

module 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Desication

A

loss of water to the enivorment

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2
Q

water balance

A

difference in water concentration between the organism and its environments

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3
Q

hydration

A

replacing water that has been lost to the air

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4
Q

Wip (plants internal water)

A

war+wa-wt-ws (r-roots-a-air-t-transpirtation-w-secrections)

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5
Q

waxy cuticle

A

Covering the above ground parts of plant; prevents gas exchange

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6
Q

Wia

A 
Wd + Wf + Wa - We - Ws (+ Wm)
Wia= Animal's internal water
Wd = DrinkingWf = Food
Wa = Absorbed from air
We = Evaporation
Ws = Secretion / Excretion Wm = Metabolic Water
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7
Q

Effect of gravity

in water vs. terestrial organisms

A

in water
buyouncay helps

terrestrial organisms must make their own support

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8
Q

how animals protect themselves

A

internal skeletons, external skeletons

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9
Q

how fungi protect themselves

A

cell wall of chitin

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10
Q

how plants protect themselves

A

cell walls of cellulose

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11
Q

terrestrial environments are highly variable

A

through both time and space

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12
Q

Variable both daily and seasonally

A

temperature variation, percipitation variation

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13
Q

these fluctuations (variations in temp and precipitation) have

A

short term effects on metabolic processes

long term effects on distribution and evolution of organisms.

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14
Q

Plant Distributions
Climate
ecological tolerance

A

Ecological Tolerances

Plants Have Ranges of Existence

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15
Q

light in forest vs. grassland

A

forest top has more light

grassland bottom has more light

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16
Q

foliage density

A

exposed as leaf area

leaf area-measured on one or both sides

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17
Q

leaf area index

LAI as you move from the top of the tree canopy to the ground?

A

area of leaves per unit ground areaLAI as you move from the top of the tree canopy to the ground?

-leaf area decreases as height decreases

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18
Q

leaf orientation

A

affects the change in light quality (attenuation) through the canopy

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19
Q

Leaf perpendicular to the sun

A

absorbs 1.0 unit of light energy per leaf unit area/time

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20
Q

Leaf at a 60∞ angle to the sun

A

absorbs 0.5 unit of light energy

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21
Q

Leaves at an ______ absorb light more effectively

A

angle

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22
Q

angles of leaves vary because of

A

angle of the sun varies

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23
Q

soil

A

Solid substrate of terrestrial communities resulting from the interaction of weather and biological activities with the underlying geological formation

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24
Q

soil is

A

the medium for plant growth
the initial recipient of water, controlling its fate
a recycling system
a habitat

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25
Q

base

Regolith

A

base is hard, unweathered rock

Layer of unconsolidated debris from crumbled rock that overlays this base

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26
Q

Soil is composed of

A

Minerals from Parent Rock
Organic Material
Water

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27
Q

Mechanical weathering results from the interaction of

A

water, temp, wind, organisms

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28
Q

mechanical weathering

A

Does not change them chemically

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29
Q

Chemical weathering

A

Chemically transforms the original rocks and minerals

30
Q

examples of chemical weathering

A

soil organisms, decomposition organic material

31
Q

five interrelated factors of soil formation

A 
parent material
biotic factors
climate
topography
time
32
Q

Soil Formation: Parent material

A

Material from which soil develops
Physical character & chemical composition important in determining soil properties
Can originate from: underlying bedrock glacial deposits (till) windborne sand/silt (eolian) gravity moving material down slope (colluvium) sediments carried by flowing water (fluvial)

33
Q

colluvium

A

gravity moving material down a slope

34
Q

fluvial

A

sediments carried by flowing water

35
Q

geological events in soil create

A

mosaic under soil, diversity of soil

36
Q

role of plants in soil formation

A

transfer light energy to the soil as organic carbon root, break up parent material, reduce erosion, bring nutrients to surface, stabilize soil surface

37
Q

animals role in soil formation

A

burrow and dig into the soil

38
Q

funi ang bacteria role in soil formation

A

Decompose remains of organisms, increasing organic material

39
Q

soil formation

climate

A

Influences soil development directly and indirectly

40
Q

soil formation abiotic factors

Influence Physical & Chemical reactions

A

Influence Physical & Chemical reactions
Temperature Controls the rate of biochemical reactions
Precipitation Water required for chemical weathering and leaching
Winds

41
Q

weathering, leaching and plant growth are maximized under what conditions and have much less influence under what conditions

A

maximized under warm temperatures and abundant water

much less influence under cold, dry conditions

42
Q

Topography can affect the influence of

A

climate

43
Q

steep slopes will have

A

water runoff surface, soil is drier, erosion

44
Q

not steep slope, top of mountain

A

thinner soil, soil not much nutrients

45
Q

Soil Formation: Time

A

Important in soil formation,All of the factors discussed work over long periods of time,Formation of well-developed soil may take 2000 to 20,000 years.

46
Q

Soils are distinguished by physical and chemical properties, including:

A 
color
texture
structure
moisture
depth
47
Q

Dark soil

A

Indicate Organic matter

48
Q

Blotchy soil (yellow-brown/gray)

A

water saturated soils

49
Q

Grasslands type of soil

A

Deep soils - grasses have deep roots, add organic material to soil

50
Q

forest type of soil

-what is the source of organic material

A

shallow soils-falling leaves are major source of organic material

51
Q

forest type of soil

A

Shallow soils - falling leaves are major source of organic material

52
Q

soil classifications based on
can see
microscopic

A

based on proportions

can see-sand, silt, microscopic-clay

53
Q

clay controls the most important properties:

A

cater-holding capacity

exchange of ions between particles and solution

54
Q

Ideal soil

A

50% soil particles, 50% pore space

55
Q

coarse soils have

A

Large pore spaces

Rapid water infiltration, percolation, drainage

56
Q

As texture becomes finer

A

pores are smaller

More surface area for water adhesion & chemical activity

57
Q

Very fine soils

A

easily compacted, smaller pore spaces, poor aeration, difficult for root penetration

58
Q

matric potential

increases when

A

The energy associated with attractive forces on the surfaces of large molecules inside cells or on the surfaces of soil particles.Increases As Water Leaves soil

59
Q

field capacity
lower in what soils
higher in what soils

A

Water held within the soil by internal capillary forces
Varies with texture
lower in coarse soils; higher in fine soils

60
Q

wilting point

A

Moisture level at which plants cannot extract water

61
Q

available water capacity

A

field capacity - wilting point

62
Q

gravitational water

A

water that trickles downward through soil to ground water

63
Q

O horizon

A

Organic Layer of freshly fallen organic material

Most superficial layer

64
Q

A horizon

A

Mixture of minerals, clay, silt and sand

65
Q

B horizon

A

Clay, humus, & other materials leached from A horizon

Often contains plant roots

66
Q

C horizon

A

weathered parent material

67
Q

Leaching

A

movement of nutrients and mineral down Into soil

68
Q

higher H+ concentration ______ in leaching

A

increases

69
Q

LAI as you move from the top of the tree canopy to the ground?

A

cumulative leaf area and LAI decreases

light decreases

70
Q

slopes are deeper where and shallow where

A

deeper in valleys shallow on ridges

ecology exam 1 (4 decks)

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