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ecology exam 1 > module 3 > Flashcards

module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

precipitation

A

moisture falling from air -snow water

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2
Q

interception

A

Water being prevented from reaching the surface by trees or grass

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3
Q

Infiltration

A

reaches soil moves down into ground

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4
Q

Runoff

A

water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground

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5
Q

ground water

A

water entering soil seeps down layer of clay or rock

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6
Q

Transpiration

A

evaporation of water from internal surface of leaves, stems and other living parts

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7
Q

evaporation

A

liquid to gas

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8
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

total amount of evaporation of water surfaces of ground and vegetation

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9
Q 
properties of water
polar-
latent heat
density relationship with temp
cohesion
viscosity
buoyancy
A

polar
high specific heat-high resistance to temp
latent heat-energy required to change from one substance to the other
density- inverse relationship with temp

cohesion-stick together-surface tension
viscosity- aquatic vertebrates streamlined
buoyancy- reduces effects of gravity- organisms large

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10
Q

density and temp relationship of water

A

inverse relationship

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11
Q

water is most dense at

A

4 degrees celsius

ice floats

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12
Q

longer wavelengths

A

go deeper at a higher rate, absorbed very quickly

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13
Q

shorter wavelengths

A

scatter as they move through the water

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14
Q

sunlight and warmth of water

A

decline in temp with depth

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15
Q

thermocline

A

layer of water where temperature changes rapidly with depth from warm to cold

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16
Q

temperature produces zonation in any water

A

epilimnion-upper layer, warm less dense
thermocline- rapidly changing temp prevents mixing
hypolimnion- lower layer, cold more dense

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17
Q

tropics vs. temperate zones thermocline

A

Tropics Thermocline is permanent surface water is always warmer

Temperate zone Summer Thermocline is present Surface water is warmest

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18
Q

Temperate zone(fall)

A 
Fall
surface water begins to cool
cool water sinks
warmer water moves to the surface, also cools
eventually temperature becomes uniform
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19
Q

Turnover

A

layer at the top move down

Vertical mixing
Moves nutrient

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20
Q

what is a Stream or river

A

Flowing body of water

Temperature Variable warm and cool, depending on the season shaded areas are cooler than those exposed to sunlight

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21
Q

Temperature affects stream community structure

A

cool water versus warm water organisms

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22
Q

Solubility of oxygen in water
-with temp increase
with pressure increase
with salinity increase

A

A function of:
solubilityDecreases as temperature increases
solubilityIncreases as atmospheric pressure increases
Solubility decreases as salinity increases

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23
Q

Oxygen is lost through

A

uptake by aquatic organisms

increased water temperature

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24
Q

Oxygen is highest at the and lowest at the

A

Highest at the surface Diffusion Photosynthesis

Lower with increasing depth cellular respiration

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25
Q

Turnover and oxygen in the deep

A

As warm and cold waters rise and fall Deeper water is recharged with oxygen

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26
Q

What happens in the winter? with oxygen
oxygen demand is what
what does ice do?

A

oxygen solubility is higher at lower temperatures
oxygen demand reduced for most organisms
Ice reduces diffusion from the atmosphere

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27
Q

pH range of natural waters

A

acidic

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28
Q

seawater ph

A

alkaline

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29
Q

limestone vs. granite

A

watersheds dominated by limestone (CaCO3) higher pH and well-buffered
watersheds dominated by sandstone or granite lower pH, less well-buffered

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30
Q

Stream character and structure is

A

Modified by velocity of the current

31
Q

Velocity is affected by

A

Shape and steepness of the stream channel
Stream channel width, depth, roughness of bottom
Rainfall intensity
Rapidity of snow melt

32
Q

Wind generates waves on:

A

large lakes

open ocean

33
Q

Ocean currents are influenced by

A

prevailing wind direction, Coriolis effect

34
Q

lunar tides

A

Bulge on the moon side due to gravitation attraction

Bulge on the opposite side because gravitation force at that point is less than at Earth’s center

35
Q

Solar tides

A

Weaker gravitational pull on tides

Partially masked by lunar tides

36
Q

Intertidal zone in ocean

A

Lies between high & low tide water lines
Daily periods of submergence & exposure
Organisms high in the intertidal zone Exposed to environmental extremes Wide temperature fluctuations Intense solar radiation Dessication Air

37
Q

Estuary

A

Where freshwater and saltwater mix

38
Q 
Salinity and density varies saltwater, freshwater:
which one is more dense
what mixes them together
lowest salinity where
high salinity where
A 
vertically:
saltwater is more dense than freshwater
currents and winds can mix the water
Horizontally:
 Lowest salinity at the river mouth 
Highest salinity at the sea
39
Q

Organisms living in an estuary

A

Adaptions to these changes in salinity

40
Q

lakes formed by

A

Formed by: Glaciation Geologic Activity River Activity Resacas or Oxbow lakes

41
Q

lakes structure

A

Structure
Littoral zone: shallow-water zone Light reaches the bottom Emergent, Rooted Plants

Limnetic zone: open water Extends to the depth of light penetration Habitat of plankton and nekton (free-swimming organisms such as fish)

Profundal zone: Beyond the depth of effective light penetration Compensation depth of light Respiration balances photosynthesis

benthic zone: Bottom region Primary place of decomposition

42
Q

oligotrophic vs. eutrophic in lakes

A

Oligotrophic: Low nutrient levels & biological production Often well oxygenated Usually deep, cool lakes
Eutrophic High Nutrient levels & biological production May be depleted of oxygen. Usually Shallow, Warm Lakes

43
Q

rivers and streams result from

A

Precipitation > Evaporation

Runoff from Surrounding Terrestrial Environment

44
Q

_________ divided into

width classification-

A

rivers and streams
Divided along three dimensions: Length Vertical Width ->
Wetted - Always wet
Active channels - Covered during Floods
Riparian zone - Transition area between the aquatic and upland terrestrial environments.

45
Q

________ vertical classification

A

rivers and stream
Vertical Classification Vertically divided into
water surface
water column
bottom (benthic)
Hyporheic Zone: Transition between surface water and groundwater
Phreatic Zone: Groundwater

46
Q

______ length classification

A

stream
Dominated by Variations along length

Riffles Water Runs Rapidly over Rocks Good Oxygenation

Pools Deeper Areas of slower moving water Accumulate Silt & Organic Matter

47
Q

salinity and oxygen in rivers and streams

salinity based on

A

salinity based on leaching in the basin

oxygen inversely correlated with temperature

48
Q

fast-water streams adaptations

A

Stream-lined form
Flattened bodies and broad, flat limbs
Protective cases with Sticky undersurfaces

49
Q

Slow-water streams adaptations

A

Compressed form
Bottom-feeding fish
Water striders & back-swimmers

50
Q 
Aquatic invertebrate feeding groups in rivers/streams
shredders
filtering and gathering collectors
grazers
gougers
predatory insect larvae and fish
A

Shredders Feed on bacteria & fungi growing on coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM, > 1 mm diameter) Break down the material in the process

Filtering and gathering collectors Feed on fine particulate organic matter (FPOM, < 1 mm and > 0.45 μm) Produced by the action of the shredders

Grazers Feed on the algal coating of substrates

Gougers burrow into waterlogged fallen trees

Predatory insect larvae and fish feed on the grazers and detrital feeders

51
Q

shredders

A

Shredders Feed on bacteria & fungi growing on coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM, > 1 mm diameter) Break down the material in the process

52
Q

filtering and gathering collectors

A

Filtering and gathering collectors Feed on fine particulate organic matter (FPOM, < 1 mm and > 0.45 μm) Produced by the action of the shredders

53
Q

grazers

A

Grazers Feed on the algal coating of substrates

54
Q

gougers

and predatory insect larvae

A

Gougers burrow into waterlogged fallen trees

Predatory insect larvae and fish feed on the grazers and detrital feeders

55
Q

River Continuum Concept medium-sized creeks & rivers
what order
what is dominant

A 
medium-sized creeks & rivers 
-Fourth through sixth order 
-Width Increases
- importance of terrestrial detrital decreases 
-Temperature rises 
Surface more exposed 
-Current Slows 
elevational gradient declines GPP exceeds respiration -Collectors and grazers Dominant 
-Predators shift to warm-water species
56
Q

River Continuum Concept Nearer Mouth of River

what is dominant

A
  • channel wider and deeper
  • flow volume increases and current slows
  • sediments accumulate on the bottom
  • autotrophic & riparian production increases
  • Autochthonous Production FPOM is a basic energy source
  • Bottom-living collectors dominat
  • Slow, deep water, and DOM support a minimal phytoplankton, and in turn, zooplankton, population
57
Q

freshwater wetlands terrestrial wetlands

A

Terrestrial wetlands Transitional zone between freshwater and land Cover ~ 6 percent of Earth’s surface Most are local in occurrence Range along a gradient From permanently flooded to periodically saturated soil

58
Q

marshes

A

Wetlands dominated by emergent herbaceous vegetation wet grasslands - reeds, sedges, grasses, cattails

59
Q

swamps

A

Forested wetlands deep-water swamps cypress, tupelo, swamp oaks shrub swamps alder, willows

60
Q

bottomland or riparian

A

Occasionally or seasonally flooded by river waters

61
Q

ocean structure

A
  • Littoral Zone (Intertidal Zone) Between Highest & Lowest Tidal levels Exposed to air periodically
  • Neritic Zone Up to 200m Continental Shelf High Productivity
  • Oceanic Zone Open Ocean >200m
62
Q

oceanic zones

A
  • Oceanic Zone Depths of the ocean Low Nutrient availability limits Productivity
  • Euphotic (Photic) Zones Area with sufficient light for Photosynthesis
  • Aphotic Zone Area without sufficient light for Photosynthesis Depend on Organic Material from Upper zones
63
Q

benthic

A

Habitat on bottom of ocean.

64
Q

Kelp Beds

A

Structure similar to terrestrial forests. Canopy at water’s surface.
Shallow Marine Waters

65
Q

Coral Reefs
form in what kind of waters
____productivity

A

“Tropical Rain Forests” of the Ocean
Form in Shallow, Warm waters
High Productivity

66
Q

Reefs and kelp beds both grow in:

A

Surface waters with sufficient light for photosynthesis. Both limited by temperature.

67
Q

Water currents:

A

Deliver oxygen and nutrients

Remove waste products. Biological productivity may depend on flushing action.

68
Q

marine shores structure

A

Intertidal Zone can be divided vertically:
-Supratidal Fringe Rarely covered by high tide.
Splash Zone
-Intertidal Proper (Littoral Zone)
–Upper Intertidal Covered during highest tides
–Middle Intertidal Covered & Uncovered by average Tides
–Lower Intertidal Uncovered during lowest tides.

Subtidal: Covered by water even during lowest tides.

69
Q

rocky shoreline
tipe pools
salinity increases and decreases

A

tide pools-exposed rock and open sea
salinity increases with evaporation
decreases with freshwater source

70
Q

Salt Marshes & Mangrove Forests

-concentrated where?

A

Concentrated along LOW LYING COASTS All driven by ocean tides and river flow Transport organisms, nutrients, oxygen Remove wastes Extremely vulnerable to human intrusion.

71
Q

deep seepage/deep storage

A

longterm

72
Q

River Continuum Concept Headwater streams
what order
what dominant

A

Headwater streams (first-third order)
-Usually swift, cold, & shaded forest regions
-Primary productivity is low
-Allochthonous Production
Dependent on terrestrial input of detritus >than 90% of organic input
-Shredders and collectors dominant Grazers are minimal Small autotrophic production
- Predators are mostly small fish

73
Q

River Continuum Concept medium-sized creeks & rivers

A 
medium-sized creeks & rivers 
-Fourth through sixth order 
-Width Increases
- importance of terrestrial detrital decreases 
-Temperature rises 
Surface more exposed 
-Current Slows 
elevational gradient declines GPP exceeds respiration -Collectors and grazers Dominant 
-Predators shift to warm-water species

ecology exam 1 (4 decks)

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