module 3 Flashcards
precipitation
moisture falling from air -snow water
interception
Water being prevented from reaching the surface by trees or grass
Infiltration
reaches soil moves down into ground
Runoff
water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground
ground water
water entering soil seeps down layer of clay or rock
Transpiration
evaporation of water from internal surface of leaves, stems and other living parts
evaporation
liquid to gas
Evapotranspiration
total amount of evaporation of water surfaces of ground and vegetation
properties of water polar- latent heat density relationship with temp cohesion viscosity buoyancy
polar
high specific heat-high resistance to temp
latent heat-energy required to change from one substance to the other
density- inverse relationship with temp
cohesion-stick together-surface tension
viscosity- aquatic vertebrates streamlined
buoyancy- reduces effects of gravity- organisms large
density and temp relationship of water
inverse relationship
water is most dense at
4 degrees celsius
ice floats
longer wavelengths
go deeper at a higher rate, absorbed very quickly
shorter wavelengths
scatter as they move through the water
sunlight and warmth of water
decline in temp with depth
thermocline
layer of water where temperature changes rapidly with depth from warm to cold
temperature produces zonation in any water
epilimnion-upper layer, warm less dense
thermocline- rapidly changing temp prevents mixing
hypolimnion- lower layer, cold more dense
tropics vs. temperate zones thermocline
Tropics Thermocline is permanent surface water is always warmer
Temperate zone Summer Thermocline is present Surface water is warmest
Temperate zone(fall)
Fall surface water begins to cool cool water sinks warmer water moves to the surface, also cools eventually temperature becomes uniform
Turnover
layer at the top move down
Vertical mixing
Moves nutrient
what is a Stream or river
Flowing body of water
Temperature Variable warm and cool, depending on the season shaded areas are cooler than those exposed to sunlight
Temperature affects stream community structure
cool water versus warm water organisms
Solubility of oxygen in water
-with temp increase
with pressure increase
with salinity increase
A function of:
solubilityDecreases as temperature increases
solubilityIncreases as atmospheric pressure increases
Solubility decreases as salinity increases
Oxygen is lost through
uptake by aquatic organisms
increased water temperature
Oxygen is highest at the and lowest at the
Highest at the surface Diffusion Photosynthesis
Lower with increasing depth cellular respiration
Turnover and oxygen in the deep
As warm and cold waters rise and fall Deeper water is recharged with oxygen
What happens in the winter? with oxygen
oxygen demand is what
what does ice do?
oxygen solubility is higher at lower temperatures
oxygen demand reduced for most organisms
Ice reduces diffusion from the atmosphere
pH range of natural waters
acidic
seawater ph
alkaline
limestone vs. granite
watersheds dominated by limestone (CaCO3) higher pH and well-buffered
watersheds dominated by sandstone or granite lower pH, less well-buffered
Stream character and structure is
Modified by velocity of the current
Velocity is affected by
Shape and steepness of the stream channel
Stream channel width, depth, roughness of bottom
Rainfall intensity
Rapidity of snow melt
Wind generates waves on:
large lakes
open ocean
Ocean currents are influenced by
prevailing wind direction, Coriolis effect
lunar tides
Bulge on the moon side due to gravitation attraction
Bulge on the opposite side because gravitation force at that point is less than at Earth’s center
Solar tides
Weaker gravitational pull on tides
Partially masked by lunar tides
Intertidal zone in ocean
Lies between high & low tide water lines
Daily periods of submergence & exposure
Organisms high in the intertidal zone Exposed to environmental extremes Wide temperature fluctuations Intense solar radiation Dessication Air
Estuary
Where freshwater and saltwater mix
Salinity and density varies saltwater, freshwater: which one is more dense what mixes them together lowest salinity where high salinity where
vertically: saltwater is more dense than freshwater currents and winds can mix the water Horizontally: Lowest salinity at the river mouth Highest salinity at the sea
Organisms living in an estuary
Adaptions to these changes in salinity
lakes formed by
Formed by: Glaciation Geologic Activity River Activity Resacas or Oxbow lakes
lakes structure
Structure
Littoral zone: shallow-water zone Light reaches the bottom Emergent, Rooted Plants
Limnetic zone: open water Extends to the depth of light penetration Habitat of plankton and nekton (free-swimming organisms such as fish)
Profundal zone: Beyond the depth of effective light penetration Compensation depth of light Respiration balances photosynthesis
benthic zone: Bottom region Primary place of decomposition
oligotrophic vs. eutrophic in lakes
Oligotrophic: Low nutrient levels & biological production Often well oxygenated Usually deep, cool lakes
Eutrophic High Nutrient levels & biological production May be depleted of oxygen. Usually Shallow, Warm Lakes
rivers and streams result from
Precipitation > Evaporation
Runoff from Surrounding Terrestrial Environment
_________ divided into
width classification-
rivers and streams
Divided along three dimensions: Length Vertical Width ->
Wetted - Always wet
Active channels - Covered during Floods
Riparian zone - Transition area between the aquatic and upland terrestrial environments.
________ vertical classification
rivers and stream
Vertical Classification Vertically divided into
water surface
water column
bottom (benthic)
Hyporheic Zone: Transition between surface water and groundwater
Phreatic Zone: Groundwater
______ length classification
stream
Dominated by Variations along length
Riffles Water Runs Rapidly over Rocks Good Oxygenation
Pools Deeper Areas of slower moving water Accumulate Silt & Organic Matter
salinity and oxygen in rivers and streams
salinity based on
salinity based on leaching in the basin
oxygen inversely correlated with temperature
fast-water streams adaptations
Stream-lined form
Flattened bodies and broad, flat limbs
Protective cases with Sticky undersurfaces
Slow-water streams adaptations
Compressed form
Bottom-feeding fish
Water striders & back-swimmers
Aquatic invertebrate feeding groups in rivers/streams shredders filtering and gathering collectors grazers gougers predatory insect larvae and fish
Shredders Feed on bacteria & fungi growing on coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM, > 1 mm diameter) Break down the material in the process
Filtering and gathering collectors Feed on fine particulate organic matter (FPOM, < 1 mm and > 0.45 μm) Produced by the action of the shredders
Grazers Feed on the algal coating of substrates
Gougers burrow into waterlogged fallen trees
Predatory insect larvae and fish feed on the grazers and detrital feeders
shredders
Shredders Feed on bacteria & fungi growing on coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM, > 1 mm diameter) Break down the material in the process
filtering and gathering collectors
Filtering and gathering collectors Feed on fine particulate organic matter (FPOM, < 1 mm and > 0.45 μm) Produced by the action of the shredders
grazers
Grazers Feed on the algal coating of substrates
gougers
and predatory insect larvae
Gougers burrow into waterlogged fallen trees
Predatory insect larvae and fish feed on the grazers and detrital feeders
River Continuum Concept medium-sized creeks & rivers
what order
what is dominant
medium-sized creeks & rivers -Fourth through sixth order -Width Increases - importance of terrestrial detrital decreases -Temperature rises Surface more exposed -Current Slows elevational gradient declines GPP exceeds respiration -Collectors and grazers Dominant -Predators shift to warm-water species
River Continuum Concept Nearer Mouth of River
what is dominant
- channel wider and deeper
- flow volume increases and current slows
- sediments accumulate on the bottom
- autotrophic & riparian production increases
- Autochthonous Production FPOM is a basic energy source
- Bottom-living collectors dominat
- Slow, deep water, and DOM support a minimal phytoplankton, and in turn, zooplankton, population
freshwater wetlands terrestrial wetlands
Terrestrial wetlands Transitional zone between freshwater and land Cover ~ 6 percent of Earth’s surface Most are local in occurrence Range along a gradient From permanently flooded to periodically saturated soil
marshes
Wetlands dominated by emergent herbaceous vegetation wet grasslands - reeds, sedges, grasses, cattails
swamps
Forested wetlands deep-water swamps cypress, tupelo, swamp oaks shrub swamps alder, willows
bottomland or riparian
Occasionally or seasonally flooded by river waters
ocean structure
- Littoral Zone (Intertidal Zone) Between Highest & Lowest Tidal levels Exposed to air periodically
- Neritic Zone Up to 200m Continental Shelf High Productivity
- Oceanic Zone Open Ocean >200m
oceanic zones
- Oceanic Zone Depths of the ocean Low Nutrient availability limits Productivity
- Euphotic (Photic) Zones Area with sufficient light for Photosynthesis
- Aphotic Zone Area without sufficient light for Photosynthesis Depend on Organic Material from Upper zones
benthic
Habitat on bottom of ocean.
Kelp Beds
Structure similar to terrestrial forests. Canopy at water’s surface.
Shallow Marine Waters
Coral Reefs
form in what kind of waters
____productivity
“Tropical Rain Forests” of the Ocean
Form in Shallow, Warm waters
High Productivity
Reefs and kelp beds both grow in:
Surface waters with sufficient light for photosynthesis. Both limited by temperature.
Water currents:
Deliver oxygen and nutrients
Remove waste products. Biological productivity may depend on flushing action.
marine shores structure
Intertidal Zone can be divided vertically:
-Supratidal Fringe Rarely covered by high tide.
Splash Zone
-Intertidal Proper (Littoral Zone)
–Upper Intertidal Covered during highest tides
–Middle Intertidal Covered & Uncovered by average Tides
–Lower Intertidal Uncovered during lowest tides.
Subtidal: Covered by water even during lowest tides.
rocky shoreline
tipe pools
salinity increases and decreases
tide pools-exposed rock and open sea
salinity increases with evaporation
decreases with freshwater source
Salt Marshes & Mangrove Forests
-concentrated where?
Concentrated along LOW LYING COASTS All driven by ocean tides and river flow Transport organisms, nutrients, oxygen Remove wastes Extremely vulnerable to human intrusion.
deep seepage/deep storage
longterm
River Continuum Concept Headwater streams
what order
what dominant
Headwater streams (first-third order)
-Usually swift, cold, & shaded forest regions
-Primary productivity is low
-Allochthonous Production
Dependent on terrestrial input of detritus >than 90% of organic input
-Shredders and collectors dominant Grazers are minimal Small autotrophic production
- Predators are mostly small fish
River Continuum Concept medium-sized creeks & rivers
medium-sized creeks & rivers -Fourth through sixth order -Width Increases - importance of terrestrial detrital decreases -Temperature rises Surface more exposed -Current Slows elevational gradient declines GPP exceeds respiration -Collectors and grazers Dominant -Predators shift to warm-water species
