Module 4 Flashcards
Population public health aim is what?
Maximum benefit for the largest number of people
Why worry about priorities?
- Resources are finite
- each prioritise has an opportunity cost
- rationing involves ethical as well as evidence based judgement
Reasons for the GBD project?
- available data largely focused on deaths
- lobby groups can give a distorted image of which problems are most important
Aims of the GDB project ?
- To use a systematic approach to summarise the burden of diseases & injury at the population level based on epidemiological principle and best available evidence
- To take account of deaths as well as non fatal outcomes when estimating the burden of disease
What does DALY mean?
A summary measure of population health that combine data on premature mortality & non-fatal health outcomes to represent the health of a particular population as a single number
How to calculate DALY?
YLD + YLL
Years of life lost (YLL) ?
Represents mortality by counting the years lost due to premature death or non fatal health
- number of deaths from a disease in a year
- years lost per death relative to ideal age
Years lived with disability ?
Represents morbidity by counting the years lived with the disease
- number of causes with non- fatal outcome with the disease
DALY enables comparisons between ?
Disease by using one measure that considers premature death & disability
What are the trends of NCD & CD in NZ and globally?
CD are decreasing
NCD are increasing
Major gains of the DALY approach?
- Drew attention to hidden burden of mental health
2. Recognises NCD as a major & increasing problem in low-middle income countries
Challenges of DALYS?
- who should decided which weights should be assigned to each disability?
- how does the physical and social environment influence disability experiences ?
Medical model of disability?
- Disabled people are defined by their illness
- It is an individual problem
- Controls resides with professionals
- Disabled person is the problem not society
Increasing risk factors for NCD in which countries?
High income countries
Increasing risk factors for CD in which countries?
Low income countries
Epidemiological transition ?
- Characteristic shift in common causes of death & disability from perinatal & communicable disease to non communicable disease
Risk transition?
Changes in risk factor profiles as countries shift from low to high income countries where CD is replaced by risks for NCD
Double burden of disease?
Middle/ low income countries where CD coexists with NCD
Commercial sector drives NCD inequities by?
- Shaping preferences & changing social norms
- Promoting unhealthy consumption among vulnerable groups
- Create uneven distribution
Industrial epidemics?
- Disease arising from unhealthy over consumption of unhealthy commercial products
E.g tobacco, alcohol, fast food
Who control strategies for the right to health approach?
M - monitor tobacco use & prevention policies
P - protect people form tobacco use
O - offer help to quit tobacco use
W - warn dangers of tobacco
E - enforce bans on tobacco advertising, promotion, sponsorship
R - raise taxes on tobacco
NCD are more prevalent amount LMIC. Yes or no?
Yes
NCD mostly affects poor. Yes or No?
Yes
Double burden requires double response. Yes or no?
Yes
NCD affects just the elderly. Yes or No?
No
Significant proportions of NCD can be prevents. E.g stroke, cancer, diabetes, CVD. Yes or no?
Yes
What is the right to health?
It is a fundamental right of the govts to enable individuals to attain the highest level of health
What is the right to be healthy?
It is an individual perspective
Right to health - Tobacco examples.
Respect - respect for people regardless of their smoking status
Fulfill - govts must fulfil people’s right to health
Protect - tobacco industry must not interfere with our goals of becoming smoke free in 2025
3 obliges by states enshrined in international law are ?
- Respect - no discrimination
- Protect - no 3rd party interference
- Fulfil - Adopt measure to achieve equity