Module 2 Flashcards
What does the causes of the causes mean?
The determinants of the determinants - E.g what causes people to smoke
What are some examples of the determinants of the determinants?
- These can be stress, debt, alcohol, labour intensive jobs etc
What are the causes of the causes for individuals?
“Any event, characteristic, or other definable entity, that brings about a change for the better or worse”
E.g Income, employment, education, housing & neighbourhoods, societal characteristics, autonomy & empowerment - social cohesion
These determinants may vary at different life-stages
What are the cause of causes/determinants for populations?
Concepts similar as for individuals, but nature of determinants if often different
Related to the context in which the pop exists - different populations exert different characteristics
Downstream Vs Upstream interventions?
Downstream - operate at the micro (proximal) level e.g treatment systems, disease, measurement
Upstream - Operate at the macro (distal) level
E.g government policies, international trade agreements
Proximal determinants?
A determinant of health (downstream) that is proximate/ near to the change in health status directly associated
E.g lifestyle, nutrition
Distal determinants?
A determinant of health (upstream) that is distant in time and/or place from change in health status e.g National, political, cultural factors
Frame of Dahlgren & Whitehead model?
Individual lifestyle factors
Social & community networks
Living and working conditions
General socioeconomic, cultural, & environmental conditions
Public health frame work?
Provides Max benefit for largest number of people, & reduce inequities in the distribution of health and well-being
3 levels of influence?
Level 1 - The person
Age, sex, biology, behaviour risk factors, lifestyle
Downstream determinants
Level 2 - The community,
local influences, e.g home, workplace, neighbourhood, social capital,
Wider societal levels e.g education and healthcare system
Downstream determinants
Level 3 - The environment
Cultural, political, social, physical and built environments
Upstream determinants
Social capital?
The value of social networks that facilitates bonds between similar groups of people
Habitus
Lifestyle, values, dispositions and expectation of a particular social groups learned through everyday activities
The four capitals?
Financial/planning capital Social capital Nature capital Human capital All interlinked
Well-being relies on ?
Growth, distribution & sustainability of the 4 capitals
Structure determinants?
Upstream
Social & physical environmental conditions/ patterns that influence choices and opportunities available
Agency determinants?
The capacity of a individual to act independently & make free choices
Empowerment
Individual vs population health care?
Clinicians - generally deal with individuals - Aim to treat disease
Population - is concerned with the health of groups of individuals
Why is pop health so important?
25 yrs of life expectancy attributed to pop health
Bradford and hill framework ?
Aid to thought
Don’t need to fulfill all aspects
Bradford and hill framework aspects?
Temporality Strength of association Consistency of association Biological gradient Reversibility Specificity Biological plausibility
Rationale for Maori Health promotions ?
Maori health status/ inequalities
Rights as indie genius peoples & treaty partners
Mainstream health promotion interventions have generally been less effective for Maori then for non Maori
Causes of health inequalities?
Unequal distribution of health risks and opportunities
Models for Maori Health ?
The Ottawa Charter
Te Pae Mahutonga
The Ottawa charter ?
Tries to guide action toward health promotion
Key principles:
- Build public health policy
- Create supportive environments
- Strengthen community action
- Develop personal skills
- Reorient health services