Module 3e: Automation Flashcards
The process whereby an analytical instrument, apparatus or system operates and performs many tests with only minimal involvement of an analyst or human intervention
Automation
Type of analysis in which many specimens are grouped in the same
analytical session.
Batch analysis
The transport of a quantity of analyte or reagent from one specimen reaction into and contaminating a subsequent one.
Carryovee
Type of analysis in which each specimen in a batch pass through the same continuous stream at the same rate and is subjected to the same analytical reactions.
Continuous flow analysis
Type of analysis in which the sample is aspirated into the sample probe and then is delivered, often with reagent, through the same orifice into a reaction cup or another container.
discrete analysis
Type of analysis in which each specimen is subjected to multiple analytical processes so that a set of test results is obtained on a single specimen
Multiple-channel analysis
Type of analysis in which all specimens are subjected to a series of analytical processes at the same time and in a parallel fashion.
Parallel analysis
The most common configuration of an automated analyzer, in which analyses are performed on a collection of specimens sequentially and each specimen is analyzed on a different selection of tests.
Random access analysis
Type of analysis in which each specimen in a batch enters the analytical process one after another, and each result or set of results emerges in the same order as the specimens are entered.
Sequential analysis
Type of analysis in which each specimen is subjected to a single process so that only results or a single analyte are produced
Single channel analysis
The number of specimens processed by an analyzer during a given period of time, rate of processes
throughput
Dedicated to a defined task and contains appropriate laboratory instrumentation to carry out that task.
workstation
Resolves the major consideration of uniformity in the performance of tests because each
sample follows the same reaction path.
Continuous flow
Advanatge of continuous flow approach
asssist laboratory that needs to run many samples requiring same procedure
disadvantages of continuous flow
waste of continuously flowing reagents
significant carry over problems
Utilizes the force generated by centrifugation to transfer and then contain liquids in separate cuvettes for measurement at the perimeter of a spinning rotor.
Centrifugal analysis
Major adavantage of Centrifugal analysis
batch analysis
most popular and versatile, and have almost completely replaced continuous-flow and centrifugal analyzer
Discrete analysis
Have the capability of running multiple tests one sample at a time or multiple samples one test at a time.
discrete analysis
Three basic approaches with instruments:
Continuous flow
Centrifugal analysis
Discrete analysis
The general steps employed in automated analyzers are collectively known as
unit operations
The most sophisticated approach in sample identification that is commonly used today .
Bar code label
Provide rapid specimen transportation and are reliable when installed as point-to-point services
Pneumatic Tube
drawback of pneumatic tubes
misrouting of carriers
hemolysis due to acceleration
[specimen delivery] Have a larger carrying capacity than pneumatic tube systems and are not associated with problems such as damage to specimens caused by acceleration and/or deceleration forces
electric track devices
[specimen delivery] Easily adapted to carry specimen containers of various sizes and shapes and are reprogrammable with changes in laboratory geometry.
Mobile robots
[specimen preparation] the serum or plasma sample is placed in a tube after separation from blood clot then directly used for analysis without further transfer to nalyzer cup
Primary tube sampling
[Specimen preparation] Use whole blood for analysis to bypass the specimen preparation altogether
Abbott- Vision
[specimen preparation] pre-analytic automation system that can identify and label specimens, centrifuge the specimens and prepare aliquots, and sort and deliver samples to the analyzer or to storage
Front-end automation
[specimen measurement & internal delivery] Controls entry of the sampling probe to a minimal depth below the surface of the serum
parallel liquid level-sensing probe
How continuous flow probes prevent carryover and maintains sample integrity
- probe aspirates air to produce bubble
- probe descends into wash solution
- wash solution is aspirated
[Reagent systems and internal delivery] Used to deliver liquid reagents
positive displacement syringe devices
[reagent system and internal delivery] Has three or more layers which include a spreading layer which accepts the sample, one or more central layer which can alter the sample by a series of chemical reactions, and an indicator layer where the analyte of interest may be quantified.
dry chemistry slide
consists of mixing, separation, incubation, and reaction time
chemical reaction phase
[Chemical reaction phase] Used by continuous flow analyzer in mixing
coiled tubing
[Chemical reaction phase] Used by centrifugal analyzer in mixing
centrifugal force
[Chemical reaction phase] Used by most wet chemistry analyzer in mixing
stirring paddles
Causes major interference in many analyses.
proteins
Used by continuous flow systems in separation
dialyzer
Usually used im incubatiom
water bath/ heating bath
Entails quantification of the formed products.
Measurement phase
[measurement phase] automated chemistry analyzers use
Optical measurement devices
[Signal processing and data handling] the analyte concentration is estimated using a
calibration curve
[Signal processing and data handling] involves
- Acquisition of response signal and signal averaging
- Subtraction of black response
- Correction of response for interferences
- Linear regression for calibration curve and determining slope
- computation of rate reactions
[Sending of Results to LIS] Laboratory-wide (often times hospital-wide) computer software system that records, manages, and stores data for clinical laboratories
Laboratory Information System
The combination of several instruments, consolidated instruments, work cells, integrated work cells, or integrated modular work cells coupled to a specimen management and transportation system, and control software component, to automate a large percentage of laboratory work
total laboratory automation
TLA approach are considered=
“Black Box labs”
Three components of a Black Box lab
Front end system
analytic box
Back end system
It is responsible for the pre-analytic phase/ sample processing.
front end systems
This is responsible for the chemical analyses/ analytic phase. It utilizes the basic principles of chemistry instrumentation
analytic box
It is responsible for the post-analytic phase (data management)
back end system
