Module 34 & 35

Question 1

Prototypes

Answer 1

a mental image or best example of a category
- Men with tattoos are more likely to be truck drivers than professors in our minds

Question 2

Convergent thinking

Answer 2

eliminating problem solutions to the best one

Question 3

Divergent thinking

Answer 3

expands the number of possible problem Solutions

Question 4

Cognition

Answer 4

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowledge, remembering, and communicating

Question 5

Creativity

Answer 5

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Question 6

Formal concept

Answer 6

rigid rules or features that define a particular concept.

Question 7

Natural concept

Answer 7

Eleanor Rosch said these form from everyday experience and do not have boundaries that are sharply defined

Question 8

Mental Image

Answer 8

mental representation of an object or event not physically present.

Question 9

Sternberg’s 5 Components of Creativity

Answer 9

Expertise, Imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, a creative environment

Question 10

Expertise

Answer 10

a well-developed base of knowledge (mental building blocks) – gives you more to work with.

Question 11

Imaginative Thinking Skills

Answer 11

Allows you to see things in new ways, recognize patterns and make connections – explore in a new way.

Question 12

A Venturesome Personality

Answer 12

a risk taker that looks for new experiences and is willing to overcome obstacles

Question 13

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 13

driven by more than external pressures – likes the challenge and satisfaction of difficult work and finding new ways to solve problems.

Question 14

A Creative Environment

Answer 14

Ability to work with others and an environment that sparks support and creative ideas.

Question 15

Algorithms

Answer 15

A problem solving strategy that guarantees the solution to the problem. Not always the most efficient method

Question 16

Heuristics

Answer 16

A rule-of-thumb, simpler problem solving strategy. Makes a solution more likely and efficient but does not guarantee a solution. Prone to errors.

Question 17

Insight

Answer 17

The sudden realization of the solution to a problem – correct answer suddenly comes to us. An Aha! moment.

Question 18

Confirmation bias

Answer 18

only search for information confirming one’s belief.

Question 19

Mental set

Answer 19

A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way that has worked in the past. At times it may make problem solving quicker and more efficient. Not always helpful when a problem calls for a new approach

Question 20

Functional fixedness

Answer 20

Type of mental set where you have the inability to see an object as having a function other than its usual one

Question 21

Single feature model

Answer 21

make a decision by focusing on only one feature

Question 22

Additive model

Answer 22

Systematically evaluate the important features of each alternative (create a list of factors that are important to you)

Question 23

Elimination by aspects

Answer 23

Rate choices based on features. Evaluate each alternative one characteristic at a time starting with the one you think is most important. Eliminate those that do not meet the desired criteria even if they have other desirable characteristics.

Question 24

Intuition

Answer 24

Our fast, automatic, unreasoned thoughts and feelings

Question 25

Representative heuristics

Answer 25

Judging a situation to how similar it is to the prototype or schema we already have in our mind. (form of stereotyping)

Question 26

Rep. Heuristic Can be False if…

Answer 26

We fail to consider possible variations from the prototype.
Fail to consider the approximate number of prototypes that actually exist.

Question 27

Availability heuristics

Answer 27

Judge probability of an event by how easily you can recall previous occurrences of that event. Rare events can cause us to overestimate the likelihood of recurrence (Fallacy of Positive Instances).

Question 28

Overconfidence

Answer 28

The tendency to be more confident than correct when estimating the accuracy of one’s own beliefs and judgments

Question 29

Blind to One’s Incompetence

Illusory superiotiy

Answer 29

“Illusory Superiority”. People who are bad at something often think they are good at it. Ignorance of what they don’t know allows them to stay confident in their own abilities.

Question 30

Belief Bias/Perseverance

Answer 30

Clinging to one’s beliefs even in the face of contrary evidence.
Especially true if you have made your belief public to others.

Question 31

Framing

Answer 31

The way an issue is worded or presented can influence/trigger decisions and judgments.

Question 32

Anchoring bias

Answer 32

When we rely too heavily on pre-existing information or the first piece of information (the anchor) when making a decision.

Question 33

Hindsight bias

Answer 33

“Knew it all Along”
When we learn the outcome of an event or solution to a problem, we are convinced the answer was quite obvious.