Module 31 - Memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

Learning that has been persisted over time, it’s information that has been stored, acquired and can be retrieved

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

Processing information into the memory system. This can be done by extracting meaning

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

The process of retaining encoded information over time

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

Process of getting information out of memory storage

Question 5

Parallel Processing

Answer 5

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s natural mode of information processing for many functions. Contrasts with the step-by-step processing of most computers and conscious problem solving

Question 6

Sensory Memory

Answer 6

Immediate, very best recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 7

Short term memory

Answer 7

Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as phone number while dialing, before information is stored or forgotten.

Question 8

Long term memory

Answer 8

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experiences

Question 9

Working/STM Memory

Answer 9

A newer understanding of short term memory that focus on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory, visual-spatial information and of information retrieved from long term memory

Question 10

Explicit Memories

Answer 10

Memory of facts and experience that one can consciously know and declare

Question 11

Effortfull Processing

Answer 11

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Question 12

Automatic Processing

Answer 12

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well learned information, such as space, time and frequency and of well learned information like word meanings

Question 13

Implicit Memory

Answer 13

Unintentinally memorized. Retention independent of conscious recollection. Also called non declaritive memory

Question 14

Sperling

Answer 14

He gave people 1/20th of a second to look at 3 rowes of 3 letters each, people could only recall about half the letters. The experiment demonstrated iconic memory

Question 15

Echoic memory

Answer 15

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere, sounds can be recalled for 3-4 seconds

Question 16

Iconic Memory

Answer 16

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Question 17

Chunking

Answer 17

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often automatically

Question 18

Mnemonics

Answer 18

Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 19

Hierachies

Answer 19

When people develop expertise, they process information not only into chunks but into hierarchies composed of a few broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts.

Question 20

Spacing Effect

Answer 20

The tendency for distributed study of practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through mass study or practice

Question 21

Testing Effect

Answer 21

Enhanced memory after retrieving rather than simply rereading information. Also, sometimes referred to as retrieval practice effect, or test enhanced learning

Question 22

Shallow Processing

Answer 22

Encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Question 23

Deep Processing

Answer 23

Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words, tends to yield the best retention

Question 24

Aquisition

Answer 24

The initial learning of information. Affected by attention, motivation, preparedness, practice followed, material learned and application

Question 25

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Answer 25

They created a 3 stage theory of memory including capacity, duration and function

Question 26

Duration

Answer 26

How long the information can be stored

Question 27

What is done with the stored information capacity and duration

Answer 27

Function

Question 28

Visual Sensory memory

Answer 28

Another name for iconic memory

Question 29

Auditory sensory memory

Answer 29

Another name for echoic memory

Question 30

Sperling’s Sensory Memory Experiment

Answer 30

Presented a matrix of 9 letters for 1/20th of a second. Report as many letters as possible. Subjects recall only half of the letters. Showed people can see and recall all the letters momentarily. Sounded a tone immediately after matrix disappeared, recall was almost perfect

Question 31

STM memory

Answer 31

Conscious processing of information. Where information is actively worked on. Holds 7 (+-2) items at a time. Storage for 30 seconds. Often based on sound or speech even with visual images

Question 32

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 32

Mental or verbal repetition to retain in working memory longer than the usual 30 seconds