Learning - Famous people/experiments

Question 1

John B. Watson

Answer 1

Behaviorism: created the view that psychology should only study an observable behavior without reference to mental processes; had help from Pavlov
- Little albert experiment

Question 2

The Little Albert Experiment

Answer 2

Watson and Rayner classically conditioned 11 month old Albert to be frightened of white rats
- Ethical concerns
- This CR is generalized to other furry animals. However, he did not get scared of a big black lab (discrimination) because it isn’t furry.

Question 3

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 3

• classical conditioning
• dog salvating experiment

Question 4

Dog salvating experiment

Answer 4

NS - ringing of bell, US - dog food, UR - salvation from the dog, CS - ringing of bell, CR - salivating to the sound of the bell (CS)

Question 5

Shepherd Seigel

Answer 5

• Rat drug experiment

Question 6

Rat drug experiment

Answer 6

1.) rats developed tolerance to increasing amounts of heroine
2.)were injected with a dose of almost twice as much heroin as they had become used to getting
3.) Rats that were injected with the overdose of heroine (experimental group) in the same setting they had received heroin before were 2 times as likely to survive as were rats that were injected in a different setting —–> rats in the different setting mostly died

Question 7

B.F. Skinner

Answer 7

Operant conditioning: type of learning that associates certain behavior with certain consequences; VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR

Question 8

Skinner box

Answer 8

makes an environment that you can control completely; many rats are used in these experiments

Question 9

Edward Thorndike

Answer 9

“Law of effect”

“Puzzle Box”

Question 10

Thorndike puzzle box

Answer 10

• First trials in box…
  Cat was inside of puzzle box, it tried to scratch at bars, push at ceiling, dig at floor, howl …finally pressed lever
• After many trials in box…
  Pressed lever immediately

Question 11

John Garcia

Answer 11

“Rat Taste Aversion” Experiment

Question 12

“Rat Taste Aversion” Experiment

Answer 12

Exposed rats to a specific taste, sight, or sound (CS) followed by radiation or drugs (US) that caused nausea and vomiting hours after exposed to CS
Rats developed an avoidance to the taste of flavored water after getting sick hours after the initial exposure to the flavored water
Only had to happen once in order for rats to develop a taste aversion

Question 13

Findings of rat taste aversion experiment

Answer 13

Violated normal classical conditioning in which the US must immediately follow the CS; the drug was given hours after a specific taste was presented
- Supports natural selection

Question 14

Rescorla and Wagner

Answer 14

“Shocking rats” Experiment

Question 15

“Shocking rats” Experiment

Answer 15

Shocking rats anytime a tone was heard
Group 1 found the tone to be reliable predictor of the shock as a result their heart rates increased every time they heard it
Group 2 experienced 20 random shocks with no tone in addition to the original 20 shocks with a tone; they had a much smaller fear response to the tone because it was not a reliable predictor of the shock

Question 16

Shocking rat experiment findings

Answer 16

Rescorla and Wagner developed a theory emphasizing the importance of cognitive/mental processes in CC
Pointed out that subjects had to determine (think) whether the NS/CS was a reliable predictor of the UCS
Bell of reliable predictor that food would follow

Question 17

E.C. Tolman

Answer 17

• Latent learning
• “Rat Maze” Experiment

Question 18

“Rat Maze” Experiment

Answer 18

3 groups of rats were trained to run a maze
The control group, group 1, was fed upon reaching the goal
The first experimental group, group 2, was not rewarding for the first 6 days of training but found food in the goal on day seven and every day afterward
The second experimental group, group 3, was not rewarded for the first 2 days but found food in the goal on day 3 and every day afterward

Question 19

rat maze findings

Answer 19

Both experimental groups showed fewer errors when running the maze the day after the transition from no reward to getting a reward
Suggests that the rats had learned the maze in the initial trials of no reward were able to use a “cognitive map” of the maze when the rewards were introduced

Question 20

Albert Bandura

Answer 20

“Bobo Doll” Experiment

Question 21

“Bobo Doll” Experiment

Answer 21

Child draws and from across the room a teacher is playing with tinker toys for a couple of minutes
Then, the teacher gets up, takes a large inflatable Bobo doll, and starts to scream and throw the doll across the room yelling, “Sock him in the face … kick him down … punch him!”
The child exposed to the teachers behavior is taken to another room with the doll and a few other toys
The child goes to the Bobo doll and starts imitating the teacher actions to the doll by being aggressive and “hurting” the doll

Question 22

bobo doll findings

Answer 22

Children closely imitate more experienced, older humans