Module 31 Flashcards
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
Recall
a measure of memory in which a person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
Recognition
A measure or memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test
Seeing a candy bar in a store and remembering it from a commercial
relearning
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
encoding
the process of getting information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning
storage
the process of retaining encoded information over
retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
parallel processing
considering many aspects of a problem
simultaneously; the brain’s natural
mode of information processing
for many functions
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
Short-term memory
memory that holds a few items
briefly, before the information is stored or forgotten.
long-term memory
a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
Metacognition
Thinking about thinking, reflecting on one’s own cognitive abilities
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Nonsense syllables, relearning (happens much more efficiently than when first learning it), retention (drops off shortly but eventually levels out)
information processing model
- encoding
- storage
- retrieve
Connectionism (info-processing model)
Our brain processes memories as a product of interconnected neural networks, building connections with information to places, smells, etc.
Three stage model
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
1. Sensory memory
2. Short term memory George Miller 7+/- 2
3. Long term memory
Working Memory (3-stage)
Allan Baddeley
While putting something into short-term memory, pulling things from long-term memory
The central executive coordinates focused processing without which, information often fades.
(meeting a new person, do they remind me of someone?)
Explicit memory (declarative)
The retention of facts and experienced from long term that one can consciously know and declare
(talking about a good memory from elementary school)
Implicit memory (non-declarative)
This is the retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations in long-term memory independent of conscious recollection
(walking out of the school)
Effortful processing
Encoding that required attention and conscious effort
Automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information (space, time, and frequency of well-learning information)
Chunking
Organizing information into familiar, manageable units
Mnemonics
ROY G BIV
colors of the rainbow
Hierarchies
remember things in groups and subgroups
what goes together?
government
Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving
Flashing words at viewers and asking them different questions to help them remember those words
Shallow processing
encoding
on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
Deep processing
encoding
semantically, based on the
meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
