Module 3 Transcription and Translation

Question 1

strand that holds the information that
codes for various genes (contains anticodons)

Answer 1

TEMPLATE strand or ANTISENSE strand

Question 2

the complementary strand that contains the codons

Answer 2

CODING strand or SENSE strand

Question 3

is the synthesis of RNA based on the nucleotide sequence on a portion of DNA

Answer 3

Transcription

Question 4

A specific DNA sequence called _______ is the binding site for RNA polymerase or its helper proteins. RNA polymerase will open up a portion of the DNA which is called a transcription bubble.

Answer 4

promoter

Question 5

RNA polymerase will keep transcribing until it gets the signal to stop. The
process of ending transcription is called _______, and it happens once the polymerase transcribes a sequence of DNA known as a _______

Answer 5

termination; terminator

Question 6

is located in the nucleolus and catalyzes the
synthesis of three of the RNAs found in ribosomes: the 28S, 18S, and
5.8S rRNA molecules

Answer 6

RNA polymerase I

Question 7

is located in the nucleoplasm and synthesizes
messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and some small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).

Answer 7

RNA polymerase II

Question 8

is located in the nucleoplasm and synthesizes:
(a) transfer RNAs (tRNAs);
(b) 5S rRNA, a small rRNA molecule found in each ribosome; and
(c) the snRNAs not made by RNA polymerase II.

Answer 8

RNA polymerase III

Question 9

is synthesized using
part of the DNA as the template. This RNA molecule carries the
information that will be used in the assembly of amino acids to form a
protein.

Answer 9

messenger RNA

Question 10

has a folded conformation that makes it
distinguishable from the other RNAs. It has 3 loops, with the middle loop
bearing the anticodon at its tip. Take note of the hydrogen bonds
stabilizing the looping by base-pairing.

Answer 10

Transfer RNA

Question 11

The ribosomal RNA forms the structure of the ribosome together with ribosomal proteins. They are responsible for “reading” the
amino acid that is carried by the tRNA to the ribosomes or for translating the information in mRNA.

Answer 11

ribosomal RNA

Question 12

This is the first site occupied by a tRNA, the one called initiator tRNA. It is aligned with the AUG codon on
the mRNA.

Answer 12

P-site or Peptidyl-tRNA binding site

Question 13

This is the site which is occupied by the incoming tRNA during translation elongation

Answer 13

A-site or Aminoacyl-tRNA binding site

Question 14

accommodates the tRNA that will soon be released from the ribosome.

Answer 14

E-site

Question 15

General Transfers of biological sequential information.

Answer 15

DNA → DNA
DNA → RNA
RNA → protein

Question 16

Special Transfers of biological sequential information.

Answer 16

RNA → DNA
RNA → RNA
DNA → protein

Question 17

Unknown Transfers of biological sequential information.

Answer 17

protein → DNA
protein → RNA
protein → protein

Question 18

is the transfer of information from RNA to DNA (the
reverse of normal transcription shown).

Answer 18

reverse transciption

Question 19

is the copying of one RNA to another. Many viruses
replicate this way

Answer 19

RNA replication

Question 20

has been demonstrated in a cellfree system (i.e. in a test tube), using extracts from E. coli that contained
ribosomes, but not intact cells. These cell fragments could synthesize
proteins from single-stranded DNA templates isolated from other
organisms (e,g., mouse or toad), and neomycin was found to enhance this
effect. However, it was unclear whether this mechanism of translation
corresponded specifically to the genetic code.

Answer 20

Direct translation from DNA to protein