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Evolutionary Ecology > Module 3 Test > Flashcards

Module 3 Test Flashcards

1
Q

evolution as previously defined

A

microevolution

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2
Q

group of individuals that share similar genes and that produce fertile offspring

A

Biological Species Concepts

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3
Q

species look/appear different and have different traits, used on say dinosaurs when all we have is physical evidence

A

morphological species conceots

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4
Q

species have different evolutionary trajectories

A

phylogenetic species concepts

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5
Q

-we have to do whatever we can to save them

A

endangered species act

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6
Q

What is an example of an endangered species in Alabama

A

Darter Fish
- they killed thousands of these and got fined

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7
Q

evolution of reproductive isolation between once-interbreeding populations

A

speciation

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8
Q

What are the modes of speciation?

A
  • allopatric speciation
  • sympatric speciation
  • vicariant speciation
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9
Q

geographic separation, colonization

A

allopatric speciation

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10
Q

various processes that create barriers such as, continent shifts, mountains made, grand canyon squirrels, no one moves, landscape changes

A

allopatric speciation

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11
Q

same place

A

sympatric speciation

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12
Q

study of the diversity of life and evolutionary relationships

A

systematics

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13
Q

identifying, naming, classifying species

A

taxonomy

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14
Q

determining the evolutionary relationship between species

A

phylogeny

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15
Q

what is linear but complex

A

evolutionary history

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16
Q

The splitting at the nodes of a phylogenetic tree equals what

A

speciation

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17
Q

dead, usually shows where is stops or dies off

A

extinct

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18
Q

one or more species arising from one original species

A

cladogenesis

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19
Q

branching with no evidence of new species, new species without branching

A

Anagenesis

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20
Q

living now

A

extant

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21
Q

True or False. Most species that live on Earth have died

A

true

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22
Q

nested groups of similar species

A

clades

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23
Q

jointed legs

A

arthopods

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24
Q

What do beetles have legs?

A

because a common ancestor had them

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25
Q

How are phylogenetic trees built?

A

using molecular biology and morphology

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26
Q

What are shown inn DNA, proteins, and morphology

A

evolutionary relationships

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27
Q

A closer match between sequences equals what

A

a more recent common ancestor

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28
Q

common genetic code equals what?

A

a common ancestor

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29
Q

ancestral traits means something is what

A

distantly related

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30
Q

derived traits means something is what

A

closely related

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31
Q

genetics, can be reversable

A

molecular phylogeny

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32
Q
  • closely related, but not a part of it
  • reference for comparison
  • ancestral but no few derived
A

outgroup comparisons

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33
Q

What relates through decent?

A

organisms

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34
Q

derived trait

A

apamorphy

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35
Q
  • derived trait that two have in common
  • good for how to categorize and understand the relatedness
A

synapamorphy

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36
Q

Why do we study diseases in rats and other animals?

A

humans have many common ancestors

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37
Q
  • structures are internally similar because of common ancestor
  • have different functions
  • forelimb of mammals is an example
A

homologous structures

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38
Q
  • remnants of structures used in ancestors
  • have lost their original usefulness or function
  • An example is pelvic bones in snakes
A

Vestigial Traits

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39
Q

Types of tetrapods

A

snakes and whales

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40
Q

What type of snakes had legs

A

huggy snakes

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41
Q
  • more than one ancestor that share traits in common
  • an example is animals with wings
  • least amount of traits in common
A

polyphyletic group

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42
Q
  • traits in common except some
  • an example is reptiles
A

Paraphyletic group

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43
Q

How did taxol help cancer?

A

-used phylogenetic tree
- found other things with taxol

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44
Q
  • traits of polyphyletic group
  • similar structures, unrelated organisms, due to selection
  • An example is birds and bat wings
A

Analogous Structures

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45
Q
  • look very similar but do not have a very common ancestor
  • An example of this is dolphins and sharks
A

Convergent Evolution

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46
Q

What can you access when the speciation has occurred

A

Phylogenetic trees and time

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47
Q

How does something become more common

A

If their most recent ancestor happened before the other

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48
Q

What are the types of selection?

A
  • natural selection
  • artificial selection
  • sexual selection
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49
Q
  • variation in traits
  • genetic component
  • differential fittness
A

natural selection, artificial selection, and sexual selection

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50
Q
  • when two genders look different
A

sexual dimorphism

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51
Q

Who came up with sexual selection

A

Charles Darwin

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52
Q

When is a species almost always a male

A

When it calls

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53
Q

Why do males have calls

A
  • impress females
  • tells other males to back away
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54
Q

Why did females become very choosy

A

males fight for them

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55
Q

Why are females choosier?

A
  • they have higher cost
  • they are the limited resource
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56
Q

What are the females cost?

A
  • gametes are limited
  • gametes are expensive
  • higher risk of predation
  • higher metabolic costs during gestation
  • greater burden of parental care
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57
Q

How do females increase fitness?

A
  • guaranteed to have fitness
  • they have to try to cover their cost
    -reduce cost
  • increase energy
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58
Q

How do males increase fitness?

A
  • most males have 0 fitness
  • mate once or increase mates
  • increase access to females
59
Q

a way to warm up the body

A

basking

60
Q
  • basking
  • eats algae off of volcanic rocks
  • they fight two males head to head pushing each other, they win by pushing them off
  • the sexual dimorphism is that they are able to win the fight
  • they are fitter when they have a bigger body size
  • the difference in win and loose size is 11mm
  • males body size is off centered because although they get more mates, the bigger they are the harder to survive
  • the females are wanting harder and harder traits to find
A

Marine Iguana in the Galapagos

61
Q
  • males maximize the benefits by bringing riskier prey
    -nuptial gift (prenup)
    -access to good habitat (marine iguanas)
  • good parental care (cotton top tamarin)
    -females get the benefit
A

Direct Benefits

62
Q
  • the offspring gets the benefit
  • developmental stability (symmetrical)
  • healthy mates
  • handicap prinicple
A

Indirect Benefits

63
Q

True or False. Being attractive means you have good genes

A

False

64
Q

True or False. People say females have the ability to see good genes
Example is used in Barn Swallows

A

True

65
Q

True or False. Humans that are more symmetrical might have better genes

A

True

66
Q

Healthy mates

A

Parasite load hypothesis

67
Q
  • individual that is handicapped but doing just as well
  • An example is peacocks carrying big tail long tailed widowbird
A

Handicap principal

68
Q

sexes have different perspective

A

they increase fitness in different ways

69
Q

pressure to increase access to females

A

males

70
Q
  • pressure to increase energy and reduce cost
  • as a limited resource they get to be choosy
  • exert pressure on other through choice based on direct and indirect benefits
A

females

71
Q

1966-1968 elephants

A

historical

72
Q

1970s- 1980s elephants

A

poaching

73
Q

1980s elephants are the what

A

survivors and babies

74
Q

Why do the surviving elephants look different from historical elephants

A

they made it through the poaching being smaller and having smaller tusks

75
Q

driven by a selfish behavior of individuals

A

Sexual and natural selection

76
Q

for the good of the species

A

group selection

77
Q

false altruism

A

reciprocal altruism

78
Q

altruism among relatives, genetically selfish

A

kin selection

79
Q

you are giving up something that is substantial to you but will benefit someone else

A

altruism

80
Q

doing something nice for you that will cost something biologically but I expect something biological back

A

reciprocal alturism

81
Q

What rules help explain Alturism and cooperation

A
  • group selection
  • reciprocal altruism
  • kin selection
82
Q

Cooperation does not equal what

A

altruism

83
Q

What are reason for why species might act in groups

A
  • dulition effect
  • predator swamping
84
Q

strategy which if adopted by a population in a given component cannot be invaded by any alternative strategy that is initially rare

A

evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)

85
Q

cooperation is only a good strategy when it has mutual or delayed benefits

A

false altruism

86
Q

cooperation also possible when it has personal cost, but only when individuals are genetically related

A

true altruism

87
Q
  • all wolves benefit from pack hunting
  • cooperation increases individual fitness
A

mutual (synergistic) benefits

88
Q

helpers gain experience raising offspring or may inherit breeding territory

A

delayed benefits

89
Q

my offspring

A

direct

90
Q

genes that get passed through relatives because of your help

A

indirect

91
Q

an allele that favors altruism can spread under specific conditions
the cost is less than the benefits

A

Hamiltons rule

92
Q

mutual or delayed benefits cannot amount for this

A

true altruism

93
Q

behavior should be beneficial when

A

cost is less than the benefits

94
Q

the number of individuals that are sacrificed as a results of an altruistic behavior

A

c

95
Q

coefficient of relatedness between altruist and those sacrificed

A

Ra

96
Q

increase in number of individuals that result from the altruistic behavior (beneficiaries)
recipients benefits in number of life’s

A

B

97
Q

coefficient of relatedness between altruist and beneficiaries

A

Rb

98
Q

What does r equal for a shared parent

A

1/4

99
Q

What does r equal for full siblings

A

1/2

100
Q

What does r equal for cousins

A

1/8

101
Q

altruistic behavior in certain cases with predation

A

beldings ground squirrel

102
Q
  • females are more likely to give alarm calls when close relatives are nearby in what animals
A

Beldings squirrels

103
Q

cooperating behavior in chasing away predators are more likely among what

A

close relatives

104
Q

How can scientist see how much humans have elevolved from each other what what are some ways we have evolved

A
  • by comparing genes of people
  • skin color
  • how our metabolism has changed for digestion purposes (lactose)
105
Q

What has reduced height and increased weight

A

natural selection

106
Q

What may be driving our evolution

A

the changes we have made in the world

107
Q

-we are continuing to evolve
- biology changes with the culture
- it does not matter if we are stuck in the middle of the process right now

A

Framingway Study

108
Q

What has a limited the impact of evolutionary forces like predation and disease

A

technology

109
Q

How is modern medicine changing?

A
  • effected evolution very little because typically it affects a person after they are done reproducing
110
Q

What is the recent evolutionary history of Europeans

A
  • they have genes from 3 very different populations
  • the bronze age brought a shift in DNA
111
Q

What are the two hypotheses for paper 6?

A
  • evolution by natural selection and that resistance has evolved by natural selection
  • resistence is because of detoxyfying enzymes
112
Q
  • can be used for all levels of biological ecology
  • includes the diversity of genes and species
A

biodiversity

113
Q
  • food
  • constructive materials
  • medicinal plants
  • wild genes for domestic plants and animals
  • tourism and recreation
A

Ecosystems goods

114
Q

The number of species

A

richness

115
Q

representation of different types of species

A

eveness

116
Q

measured with different types of metrics

A

diversity

117
Q
  • maintaining hydrological cycles
  • regulating climate
  • cleansing water and air
  • pollinating
  • absorbing and detoxifying pollutants
  • etc.
A

Ecosystem services

118
Q

there are many drugs that our ecosystem goods discovered from

A

ethnobotanical leads

119
Q
  • global biodiversity
  • very high at the equator
A

plant richness

120
Q

high at the equator

A

bird richness

121
Q

What affects biodiversity?

A
  • climate
  • species
122
Q

How does the climate affect biodiversity?

A
  • effect temperate/ tropical comparison
123
Q

What have gret growing conditions

A

tropics

124
Q

How does species affect biodiversity?

A
  • larger islands containing more species than smaller islands
  • more area which means more resources, higher population sizes, lower extinction rates
  • more habitat diversity
125
Q

What are the reasons for preserving biodiversity?

A
  • direct benefits or ecosystem goods
  • indirect benefits or ecosystem services
  • ethical or moral reasoning
  • aesthetics or to preserve natural beauty
  • connectedness (the Rivet hypothesis)
126
Q

Why is there such high diversity in habitats?

A
  • more climate variate
  • more geological variation
  • more altitdinal variation
127
Q

What are the causes of extinction?

A

Habitat loss
Invasive species
Pollution
Population
Overharvesting

128
Q

What is an example of invasive species?

A
  • green tree snake
  • Kudzu
  • fire ant
  • cane toad
  • Chinese privet
129
Q

What is an example of overharvesting and where is it common?

A
  • American Bison
  • Higher in Jefferson County than anywhere in the world
130
Q
  • isolated or distant islands contain fewer species than nearby islands
  • nearer islands support a higher number of species
A

Effect of habitat isolation

131
Q

the equilibrium number of species is a balance between immigration and extinction

A

theory of island biogeography

132
Q

What are the two main things

A

area and distance

133
Q

large islands close to the mainland

A

largest number of species

134
Q

large islands close to the mainland

A

largest number of speciessmall islands far from the mainland

135
Q

What are examples of isolated habitats

A
  • lakes and ponds
  • forest patches
  • mountain top
136
Q
  • value that exist just for that thing
A

intrinsic value

137
Q

Why do we protect species?

A
  • intrinsic value
  • other species have the right to exist
138
Q

Alabama is what number out of 51 for number of species, what place for area and what about total species?

A
  • 5th
  • 25th
  • it has more species than any state that does not occur anywhere else
139
Q

What are some species that Alabama has that does not occur anywhere else?

A
  • grey fish
  • muscles
  • snails
  • freshwater fish
  • carnivorous plants
140
Q

rate at which energy is absorbed or reflected

A

albedo

141
Q

positive raises the temp and negatives lower the temp

A

forcings

142
Q

high albedo means what

A

low temp

143
Q

allow short wave radiation to come through easily but long waves will heat up gases then come through

A

green house gases

144
Q

small particles of things

A

soot

Evolutionary Ecology (4 decks)

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