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Evolutionary Ecology > Module 2 Test > Flashcards

Module 2 Test Flashcards

1
Q

the study of interactions between members of a species and their environment

A

ecology

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2
Q

What are the 3 main characteristics of a population

A
  • range
  • dispersion
  • change in size overtime
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3
Q

all places members normally live
- large
- small (endemic)
- sub populations
- metapopulations
-expanding

A

range

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4
Q

how individuals are arranged in a population

A

dispersion

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5
Q

What are the different ways individuals are dispersed

A
  • clumped
  • uniform
  • random
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6
Q
  • growing
  • getting smaller
  • exponentially grow
  • logistic growth
A

change in size overtime

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7
Q

What is the exponential growth equation?

A

DN/Dt = r (max) N

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8
Q

What is the logistic growth equation?

A

DN/Dt = r (max) [(K-N)/K]

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9
Q

N

A

population size

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10
Q

DN/Dt

A

change of population growth

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11
Q

K

A

carrying capacity

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12
Q

all population size

A

independent

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13
Q

larger populations

A

dependent

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14
Q

What is at carrying capacity?

A

equilibrium

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15
Q

collection of populations

A

metapopulations

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16
Q
  • people in a classroom
  • crops so they grow efficiently
  • equally sharing resource
A

uniform

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17
Q
  • their are no resources in between
  • could be hiding from predators
A

clumped

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18
Q
  • indication of how much resources is there
  • the number of individuals that the level of resource can support
  • “just getting by”
A

carrying capacity

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19
Q

competition between members of one species

A

intraspecific

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20
Q

competition between members of two species

A

interspecific

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21
Q

What are the possible outcomes of interspecific?

A
  • species 1 wins
  • species 2 wins
  • both coexist
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22
Q

What does [(K-N)/K represent?

A
  • density dependent
  • intraspecific competition
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23
Q

species 1 and 2 are both affected negatively

A

interspecific competition

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24
Q

species one is affected positively and species two negatively

A

predation, parasitism, and herbivory

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25
Q

physically or chemically reducing access to limited resources

A

interference competition

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26
Q

consuming resources before others

A

exploitative competition

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27
Q

What are the two ways of competition?

A

-exploitative
- interference

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28
Q

range of resources that a species uses

A

niche

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29
Q

range of resources that a species uses when no others species is around

A

fundamental niche

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30
Q

range of resources that a species uses when another species is around

A

realized niche

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31
Q

To be in competition the two species or individuals within a species have to have…

A

a negative impact on each other

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32
Q

When a species looses it is being…

A

competivly excluded

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33
Q

alpha 12

A

how does 2 affect 1

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34
Q

alpha 21

A

how does 1 affect 2

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35
Q

alpha

A

competition coefficient

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36
Q

ZNG

A

zero net growth

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37
Q

ZNGI

A

zero net growth isocline

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38
Q

when a parasite moves between individuals other than parents and their offspring

A

horizontal transmission

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39
Q

when a parasite is transmitted from a parent to its offspring

A

vertical transmission

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40
Q

an organism that a parasite uses to disperse from one nest to another

A

vector

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41
Q

the influence of closely associated species on each other in their evolution

A

coevolution

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42
Q

a fungus which grows in association with the roots of a plant in a symbiotic or mildly pathogenic relationship

A

mycorrhizae

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43
Q

interactions between species in a community

A

community ecology

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44
Q

What are the types of symbiosis?

A
  • parasitism
  • mutualism
  • commensalism
45
Q

When species one and two is affected positively

A

mutualism

46
Q

When species one is affected positively and their is no effect on species two

A

coevolution

47
Q

Are parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism three distinct points?

A

No, they are points along a continuum

48
Q

What can you categorize parasitism as?

A

internal (endo) and external (ecto)

49
Q

holoparasite

A

all

50
Q

hemiparasite

A

some

51
Q

Can plants get parsites?

A

yes

52
Q

Can plants be parasites?

A

yes

53
Q

lethal parasites

A

parasitoids

54
Q

host feeds someone else offspring

A

brood parasitism

55
Q

Are predators prudent?

A

No

56
Q

What increased for prey?

A

selective pressure

57
Q

What is the order of predation?

A
  • encounter
  • detect
  • approach
  • capture
  • handle
  • consume
  • convert
58
Q

night

A

nocturnal

59
Q

day

A

diurnal

60
Q

recognizing

A

detecting

61
Q

right place at the right time

A

encounter

62
Q

What are some examples of detecting adaptations?

A
  • vision
  • hearing
63
Q

What are some examples of avoiding detection adaptations?

A
  • camouflage
  • aposematic colors
  • mimicry
  • aposematic acoustics
  • mimic predator
64
Q

What are some approach adaptations?

A
  • owls silencing their wings
65
Q

What are some examples of capture adaptations?

A
  • birds being able to go into water
  • teeth
  • plants with UV lights
66
Q

What are some examples of anti-capture adaptations?

A
  • horned lizards
  • caterpillars vomiting on themselves
  • formic acid in fire ants
67
Q

What are some examples of predator handling adaptations?

A
  • breaking off part of their body to get away
68
Q

What are some examples of consumption adaptations?

A
  • eating faster
69
Q

What are some examples of conversion adaptations?

A
  • toxicity in prey
70
Q

leaf eaters (outside)

A

exophage

71
Q

plant eaters (inside)

A

endophage

72
Q
  • aphids
  • spittle bug
    -cicada
A

endophage herbivores

73
Q

products of photosynthesis

A

phloem

74
Q

water and nutrients

A

xylem

75
Q

What are herbivory effects on plants?

A
  • loss of tissue
  • plants could be killed
  • kill off all baby plants
  • plant abundance
  • plant fitness
76
Q

What do below grown herbivores act as?

A

predators

77
Q

woody plants

A

trees (stems)

78
Q

grassy plants

A

grass

79
Q

wild flowers

A

forbs

80
Q

increase in proteins and nitrogen

A

legumes

81
Q

percent cover

A

how many plants are there

82
Q

keep herbivores out

A

exclosure

83
Q

keep herbivores out

A

exclosure

84
Q

keep herbivores in

A

enclosure

85
Q

What are some types of plant defenses?

A
  • thorns
  • regrowth
  • tolerance
  • trichome
  • secondary compounds
86
Q

What are some secondary compounds for plants defense?

A
  • alkaloids
  • urushiol
  • capsaicin
87
Q

What can benefit humans?

A

secondary compounds

88
Q

how people use plants for our benefit

A

ethobotny

89
Q

two species which compete for the same limited resource cannot coexist at constant population values

A

competition exclusion priciple

90
Q

any influences on a populations birth or death rate regardless of the population density

A

density independence

91
Q

a factor whose effects on the size of a population or growth of a population vary with population density

A

density dependence

92
Q

one organism physically restricts another organisms access to resources

A

interference competition

93
Q

Where one organism lets off chemicals so others cannot get the resources

A

allelopathy

94
Q

behavioral exclusion of others from a specific space that is defended as territory

A

territoriality competition

95
Q

individuals occupy space and prevent access to resources by other individuals

A

preemption competition

96
Q

the simulation of the scent of non prey organisms or objects to avoid detection by predators

A

crypsis

97
Q

used by noxious organisms to signal their unprofitability to potential predators

A

aposematic coloration

98
Q

members of palatable species or a group of such species, gain protection from predation by resembling the defensive signaling of an unpalatable or defended species of a group of defended species

A

batesian mimicry

99
Q

two or more species with effective defenses share a similar appearance or signaling and by this sharing reduce the cost of associative learning and even promote the evolution of refraining from attack by their enemies

A

Mullerian mimicry

100
Q

the use of warning coloration to inform potential predators that an animal is poisonous venomous or otherwise dangerous

A

aposematism

101
Q

a bacterium virus or other microorganism that can cause disease

A

pathogen

102
Q

subsystem of the immune system that is composed of specialized systematic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth

A

acquired immune response

103
Q

form of indirect protection that applies only to contagious diseases

A

herd immunity

104
Q

ability of an organism to infect the host and cause a disease

A

virulence

105
Q

vaccine mechanism

A

enters the muscle cells and uses the cells’ machinery to produce a harmless piece of what is call a spike protein

106
Q

physical contact between an infected person and a susceptible person

A

direct transmission

107
Q

occurs when there is no direct human to human contact

A

indirect transmission

108
Q

evolutionary mechanism of segmented RNA viruses that plays an important but ill defined role in virus emergence and interspecies transmission

A

reassortment

109
Q

ability of an organism to endure unfavorable environmental conditions

A

tolerance

Evolutionary Ecology (4 decks)

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