Module 3- SPEAKING AND WRITING Flashcards
genderlect/gender communciation
Verbal communication
speech and writing,
Non verbal communication
Aspects of speech other than speech and writing
Non verbal includes
’’ Body language - gestures/ movement/ posture, facial expression
Use of space/proxemics
’ Para-linguistics - tone of voice, loudness, pitch, inflection
‘ use of object
’ Appearance - dress, hairstyle
’- Graphics - charts, tables, diagtams, computer graphics.
’ Integrating forms for specific purposes and situations - practise
cases, role play and simulations
. Haptics - communicating via touch, for example, a handshake,
kiss, stroke of the shoulder, pat on the head
Oral communication advantages
takes less time
facititates urgent messages
usefuI for confidential
information
provides instant feedback
cheap
adaptabte
attows personaI contact
provides opportunities for
personaI and bargaining power
usefuI for al[ types of audience
provides a forum for explanation
Oral communication disadvantages
provides no records
easi[y forgotten
noise interference
miscommunication from
distorted words etc
opportunities for
misu nderstanding
immediate feedback prohibits
informed response
misunderstanding due to
confIicting non-verbaI gestures
lack of privacy
Written communication
easy to edit and revise messages
‘ the message is permanent
receiver can re-read the message
for greater understanding
reIiable
good for mass dissemination
‘ can more easily be used to
present complex messages
less chance of distortion or
m isu nderstanding
inctudes facts and necessary
information
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION DISADVANTAGES
time-consuming
less flexibitity to amend once the
message has been dispatched
feedback can be delayed
improper use of vocabu[ary,
grammar and punctuation can
hamper the communication
Process
does not cater to at[ audiences -
e.g. i[[iterates, [anguage barriers
and the blind
expensive
lacks the personaI touch
lacks confidentiatity
problems with storage and fiting
H
!ntrapersonaI communication
Communication with self when you think, strategise and solve prob[ems in
your mind
!nterpersonaI communication
Communication with other peopte
Small group
Communication with a few people with a common purpose
Public communication
One person tatks to several others in a pubtic setting
OrganisationaI communication
Communication in a business context
Mass media communication
lnvotves messages, news or broadcasts often using electronic means
lntercultural communication
Communication among different cultures (cross-cultural)
lntracuttural communication
Communication with your own racia[, religious or ethicaI group
Communication campaigns
Communication that takes into consideration the needs of a campaign to
reach the targeted audience
Computer-mediated
communication
Communication through the use of electronic devices
Gender communication
Communication issues between sexes and issues of women
Health communication
Communication within the heatthcare system that invotves doctor-patient
; and patient-to-patient conversations about illnesses. lt also incIudes
healthcare campaigns
Government communication
Communication that connects the government to the peopte of a country -
to inform, persuade.
Academic communication
Communication in an educationaI context
Designing a communication campaign
Think about
Goal:
Target audience/s:
Objectives:
Channels of Communication :
Message:
Timing:
Reso u rc es /TechnoIogicaI aids :
Feedback:
Metalinguistic
What is the role of appearance in non-verbal communication?
Appearance includes clothing, accessories, and hairstyle. A neat appearance can increase credibility.
What does body language and posture include in non-verbal communication?
Body language and posture involve facial expressions, gestures, hand movements, and posture. Hand gestures in speech-making can reinforce points.
What is vocalics/para-linguistics?
Vocalics refers to sound, including tone of voice, volume, speech pace, pitch, and intonation. For example, an upbeat tone at the start of a speech grabs audience interest.
What does eye contact or gaze communicate?
Eye contact suggests interest or deep concentration. Avoiding eye contact can suggest insecurity or unfriendliness. It’s important for holding audience attention.
What is proxemics or space in non-verbal communication?
Proxemics refers to the space between people during a conversation, as well as room size, lighting, and furnishings. Standing close to someone can indicate familiarity.
What does haptics involve?
Haptics involves communication through touch. For example, gently stroking someone’s shoulder can convey understanding and empathy.
How do the five senses play a role in non-verbal communication?
The five senses (smell, sight, taste, sound, touch) help us connect with others. For instance, the smell of someone can attract or repel us.
What is the significance of objects and graphics in non-verbal communication?
Objects, diagrams, sketches, or symbols can reinforce meaning. For example, drums and steel-pan in a play can set an upbeat environment.
What do artefacts communicate?
Artefacts, such as the car we drive or the jewelry we wear, send messages about our lifestyle, taste, and choices.
How does the use of time (CHRONEMICS) convey messages in non-verbal communication?
How we use time sends messages to others. Being late without a good reason can show a lack of respect for others.
What is an advantage of non-verbal communication in complementing verbal presentations?
Non-verbal communication can complement verbal presentations, such as shaking someone’s hand while saying “I am sorry,” which helps gain forgiveness.
How does non-verbal communication help the disadvantaged?
Non-verbal communication helps the mentally, physically, and literacy-challenged by including them in the communication process, such as giving directions by pointing a finger.
How does non-verbal communication reinforce verbal messages?
Non-verbal communication reinforces verbal messages, like nodding your head for agreement.
How can non-verbal communication make presentations more appealing?
Non-verbal communication, such as using graphics and pictures, can make presentations more appealing.
How is non-verbal communication a good substitute when there are barriers to communication?
Non-verbal communication can be a substitute for verbal messages in situations with barriers like noise or language differences.
How can non-verbal communication send messages quickly?
Non-verbal communication can send messages quickly, like pointing a finger to indicate a selection.
What is a disadvantage of non-verbal communication regarding cultural differences?
Non-verbal communication can be misinterpreted, as a positive gesture in one culture can be negative in another.
How can non-verbal communication distort information?
Non-verbal cues, such as eye contact, gestures, or tone of voice, may convey a message that does not resonate with the receiver, potentially distorting information.
What is a disadvantage of non-verbal communication regarding understanding?
Non-verbal communication can be difficult to understand, as not everyone can interpret non-verbal cues effectively, and people may have different interpretations.
What is a challenge of understanding non-verbal communication?
Non-verbal communication may require a lot of repetition to understand, making it less efficient.
What is a disadvantage of non-verbal communication in terms of cost?
Non-verbal communication, like signs, pictures, and billboards, can be costly compared to other forms of communication.
What is a limitation of non-verbal communication regarding formality?
Non-verbal communication lacks formality, which can make it less appropriate in some professional or structured settings.
What is formal communication and where is it typically used?
Formal communication is verbal or written information presented in official settings, often used in public meetings, formal occasions, conferences, workplaces, and professional settings.
What are some conventions or patterns used in formal communication?
Formal communication uses standard language, complete and complex sentence structures, is logically expressed, avoids slang, uses correct pronunciation, follows lines of authority, and may not require feedback.
What are the advantages of formal communication?
Formal communication is reliable, follows writing conventions, can be edited for clarity, and ensures the sender is accountable for the message sent.
What is informal communication and where is it typically used?
Informal communication involves casual, spontaneous conversations based on social and emotional needs, often used with friends, family, colleagues, or peers at school.
What are some key features of informal communication?
Informal communication is oral, incorporates gestures, can be imprecise, covers specific or general topics, takes place in a relaxed atmosphere, uses incomplete sentences, and allows interruptions, emotional expressions, slang, and code-switching.
What are the advantages of informal communication?
Informal communication facilitates integration, acts as a source of information when official channels fail, and allows individuals to prepare thoughts for formal discussions.
What should you be cautious about when using informal communication?
Informal communication can sometimes spread unreliable information, such as rumors, which can harm relationships or lead to poor decisions.
What are some similarities between formal and informal communication?
Both use verbal and non-verbal expression (words, symbols, tone, gestures) and can use different communication channels (e.g., formal channels like television or informal ones like face-to-face discussions).
What is important to do when using written formal and informal communication?
It is important to confirm the information before sending it in both formal and informal communication.
Designing a Communication Campaign
Key objectives:
Define the communication goal and objective.
Tailor the message to the audience (e.g., intercultural, governmental, health).
Address marginalized groups’ needs (e.g., language, cultural differences).
Choose the appropriate communication channel (e.g., government officials using face-to-face interaction for health education).
Select effective communication tools (e.g., social media, live forums).
Organisational strategies
anything
Verbal communication
anything spoken or written
pitch vs pace vs intonation
Pitch refers to the highness or lowness of your voice, pace is the speed at which you speak, and intonation is the variation in pitch used to convey meaning and emotion.
