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Neurology > Module 3: Neural Functioning > Flashcards

Module 3: Neural Functioning Flashcards

1
Q

molecules–organelles

A

–cells–tissue–organs–organ systems–organisms

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2
Q

four types of molecules

A

lipids (fats); proteins (amino acids); carbohydrates (sugar, energy); nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)

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3
Q

bilipid membrane

A

surrounds cell; keeps things away from each other and maintains resting potential

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4
Q

nucleus

A

center of cell

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5
Q

nucleolus

A

RNA in nucleus

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6
Q

cytosol

A

intracellular soup with organelles

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7
Q

mitochondria

A

metabolism/food storage for cell

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8
Q

cytoskeleton

A

structural protein; for shape and transportation

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9
Q

endosplasmic reticulum

A

proteins to build larger molecules

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10
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

move materials out of cells

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11
Q

lysosomes

A

break down and recycle old materials

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12
Q

microtubulues and filaments

A

maintain structure and are cytoskeletal tracks for axonal transport (anterograde and retrograde)

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13
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

make equal

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14
Q

concentration gradient

A

high sodium on the outside, lower on the inside; passive process for producing electrical current

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15
Q

positive and negative ions

A

pos: sodium/calcium/potassium; neg: chloride

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16
Q

selective permeability

A

only allows (chloride) through passively due to shape

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17
Q

globular proteins

A

channels that let things in and out

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18
Q

ATP

A

energy in cell

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19
Q

sodium potassium pump

A

voltage regulated gate; moves from low to high (against gradient); allows for change in resting potential by providing energy to the cell; exchange of sodium and potassium (uses ATP for energy)

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20
Q

multipolar neurons (several dendrites, one axon)

A

Golgi Type I projections: long axons; myelinated; motor. Golgi Type II: local, unmyelinated, thalamic loops, interneurons

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21
Q

bipolar neurons (one dendrite and one axon)

A

rare; auditory and olfactory

22
Q

unipolar neurons (one axon)

A

sensory information from PNS to CNS

23
Q

axondendritic synapse

A

normal connection

24
Q

axomsomatic synapse

A

inhibition

25
Q

axoaxonic synapse

A

modulate pattern generators

26
Q

Nissl susbstance

A

special protein in rough ER for membrane upkeep (maintains negativity) and info processing; needs constant supply of oxygen

27
Q

axon hillock

A

connection of axon to soma

28
Q

teledendrion terminate in

A

terminal boutons

29
Q

resting potential

A

difference in potential across the membrane at rest: -70 mV; cytosol is negative compared to extracellular space so that reaction can occur; depolarization occurs when differences reaches -55mV

30
Q

graded potential

A

mechanical or chemical perturbation (generated by sensory input) that effects the plasma membrane; travels along dendrites in small decrements and can accumulate to create AP OR decrease as it spreads

31
Q

depolarization

A

cell becomes less negative; excitatory; positive ions in (Na), negative out; RP decreased

32
Q

hyperpolarization

A

cell becomes more negative; inhibitory; positive ions out, negative in; back to -70mV; RP increased

33
Q

action potential (nerve impulse)

A

all or nothing; at axon hillock to terminal bouton; if cell membrane reaches -55mV, the electrical gate opens; depolarization opens Na+ channels and floods cell with positive ions; sets of negative waves down the axon; decremental; sodium channel opens at -55mV and Na+ enters cell until it gets to +40mV; then K+ leaves cell, potential returns to resting; recovery period

34
Q

synaptic transmission

A

AP reaches boutons; opens voltage-gated Ca++ channels; activates synaptic vessicles to release neurotransmitter

35
Q

neurotransmitter

A

causes ion channels or post-synaptic membrane to open; synthesized in soma or cytoplasm; largely chemical process

36
Q

Ligand Channel

A

electrical gates on one side, chemical on other; opens when dopamine hits (chemical gate)

37
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

unmyelinated areas; more common in PNS; saltatory transmission; faster for shorter axons, and more efficient

38
Q

convergence

A

1 neuron receives impulse from multiple neurons; inhibitory or excitatory; summative strong response (from graded potential to AP)

39
Q

divergence

A

1 neuron activates multiple proximal synapses; increases amplification; branching into limitless pathways; common in cerebellum due to sensory afferent to thalamus and cortical areas

40
Q

degeneration of cell

A

primary neuronal loss: immediate neuronal loss (CVA, anoxia, trauma)–loss of all blood flow; secondary neuronal loss: region adjacent to primary injury

41
Q

retrograde axonal reactions

A

degeneration changes to cell body in response to injury down the axon

42
Q

regeneration

A

PNS: injured axon can regrow due to trophic factors that cause axonal sprouting (in Schwann cells); CNS: no growth, or if limited, then rapid scar tissue produced

43
Q

retrograde transneural degeneration

A

death that affects proximal cells

44
Q

excessive neurotransmitter removed in three ways

A

1: reuptake 2: degradation (used up in opening channels and changes into other substance) 3: diffusion (into extracellular space)

45
Q

excitatory

A

resting potential decreases (less neg.), causes depolarization EPSP: muscle, gland, other neurons. Example: glutamate

46
Q

inhibitory

A

resting potential increases (more neg.), causes hyperpolarization IPSP. Example: GABA

47
Q

neuropeptide

A

neurotransmitter for modulation/regulation of other neurotransmitters

48
Q

examples of neurotransmitters

A

ACh, norepinephrine, neuropeptides, dopamine, serotonin, GABA

49
Q

synaptic transmission process

A

synthesis of neurotransmitter; concentration and packing of neurotransmitter; release of n. into synaptic cleft; binding to receptor molecule post-synaptically; termination of action (exocytosis: closing of vesicle)

50
Q

Parkinson’s

A

Not enough inhibitory dopamine produced in basal ganglia, so Ach exitatory is unopposed and keeps firing; hypokinetic (rigid/dysarthria); masked face; monopitch; rapid articulation; stuttering. Tx: reduce ACh, make dopamine last longer, add more

51
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

disorder at gap junction; progressive weakness of muscles; autoimmune response as enzymes attack neurotransmitter and prevent synapse; ptosis (eyelid dropping), blurred vision, dysphagia, slurred speech. Tx: medication

Neurology (3 decks)

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