Gross Anatomy Flashcards
parietal lobe
integrates sensory information; post central gyrus (primary cortex; sensory strip); superior parietal lobule (association cortex for integration, awareness of sensory info); inferior parietal lobule (angular and superior marginal gyrus–reading and writing); precuneus
occipital lobe
vision; secondary visual cortex (primary and association cortices flipped); cuneus; lingual gyrus (visual field); calcarine fissure (separates cuneus & lingual gyrus)
temporal lobe
primary auditory cortex (Heschl’s Gyrus); superior, middle, inferior gyri; inferior temporal gyrus; occipotemporal gyrus; Wernicke’s
prosencephalon
forebrain: hemispheres, central sulcus, lateral sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus; motor planning and production; personality; Broca’s area; executive functions
mesencephalon
midbrain
rhomboencephalon
hindbrain (cerebellum)
premotor cortex (frontal lobe)
assists in planningq
precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex
prefrontal cortex
executive functions
inferior frontal gyrus (pars opercularis and triangularis)
Broca’s area
primary cortex: primary motor, somatosensory, auditory, visual, olfactory
recognition: “I see/hear/feel something” (but motor sends out)
association cortex: frontal, parietal, temporal, parieto-occipital
perception/interpretation: “It’s a key!”
agnosia: tactile, auditory, visual
impairment of association cortex
unimodal association cortex
one domain (visual, auditory, somatosensory)
multimodal association cortex
parietal association cortex (sharing info)
corpus callosum (interhemispheric commissural fibers) features
genu, rostrum, body, splenium
limbic system
emotions; old/primitive brain
hyothalamus
fight, flight, food, sex, behavior
hippocampus
memory
cingulate gyrus
upper part of limbic lobe (above corpus callosum)
amygdala
if damaged, can’t understand/respond to emotions; very active in PTSD; involved with memory
insula
central lobe
thalamus
sensory relay; all but olfactory come in; gatekeeper; integrates sensory and motor info.; regulates association areas; nuclei maintain topographic relationship to aff. and eff. systems; connections with basal ganglia, cerebellum, limbic system; right above brainstem
pulvinar nucleus
reading, writing, language processing; linguistic pathways with visual pathways and parietal association areas
ventral anterior nucleus
relays info from cerebellum and basal ganglia to primary motor cortex; motor coordination, refinement of signal
5 thalamic nuclei for language
ventral anterior, medial geniculate body, ventrolateral, lateral geniculate body, pulvinar
epithalamus
endocrine and limbic system; habenular nucleus and pineal gland; melatonin
subthalamus
contributes to regulation of motor movement and function
hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis of autonomic nervous system: heart, breathing, digestion; limbic/endocrine/visceral/neural/hormonic systems; optic chiasm, mamillary bodies, pituitary gland, infundibulum, fornix; regulates fear and food intake; circadian rhythms
internal capsule
white matter tracts that link diencephalon and cerebrum; between basal ganglia and thalamus
mesencephalon
telencephalon (cerebrum) and diencephalon (thalamus, limbic system); conduit for ascending and descending tracts above internal capsule; houses all cranial nerve nuclei except I and II; respiration and heart and consciousness; not volitional; sup. and inf. colliculi; cerebral aqueduct here
mesencephalon parts
tectum, tegmentum, basis
rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
metencephalon and myolencephalon; pons (bridge from cerebellum to brainstem); through middle cerebellar peduncle; origin of trigeminal nerve; floor of 4th ventricle
rhombencephalon parts
pontine tegmentum and basilar pons
cerebellum
3 cerebellar peduncles: superior, middle, inferior; super highway; coordination of movement; 3 lobes: anterior, posterior, flocculonodular (underneath); arbor vitae; midline vermis divides hemisphere; ipsilateral; motor learning by modifying patterns; vestibular and posture part
superior cerebellar peduncle
efferent: output to red nucleus, then thalamus, reticular formation, spinal cord
middle cerebellar peduncle
afferent: input from brainstem and cortex
inferior cerebellar peduncle
input from spinal cord, brainstem, vestibular system
myelencephalon
medullar oblongata; olives, pyramids; CN IX, X, XI, XII
study all -cephalons
and diagrams
