Module 3: Memory

Question 1

placing things to remember (tasks, etc.) along a well-traveled mental road and associate them with something in the mental map; ex. if you need to remember to buy cookies, imagine your neighbor that lives on your mental route baking cookies

Answer 1

method of loci

Question 2

how honeybees’ memory has evolved to help them

Answer 2

they have memory stages that support their efforts in foraging for honey and communicate with other honeybees

Question 3

founder of memory psychology; experimented on himself (n=1 study); learned and relearned lists of meaningless syllables to test memory

Answer 3

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Question 4

if two memory traces have equal retrieval probability, but different ages, the older one will
(a) be forgotten more slowly than the younger one
(b) benefit more from additional learning

Answer 4

Adolph Jost/Jost’s Law

Question 5

focused on existing knowledge and memory as a construction; memories are complemented by knowledge taken from our own lives to complete memories/images/experiences

Answer 5

Sir Francis Bartlett

Question 6

one of the founders of psychology; distinguish primary and secondary memory which was a precursor to short-term and long-term memory; tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 6

William James

Question 7

emphasis on unconscious processes; forgetting is a tool of the mind to repress unconscious/unwanted memories (there is little evidence supporting this); slip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 7

Sigmund Freud

Question 8

neurobiologist in search of the “engram” (where in mouse/rat brain is memory located); cut out pieces of cortex and tested mice’s ability to run through a maze; concluded that memory is all over the cortex

Answer 8

Karl Lashley

Question 9

looked at cases of amnesia described in newspapers and books
Patched together what happens if people lose their memory

Answer 9

Theodore Ribot

Question 10

you lose first your recent memories; your older memories are more resistant to retrograde amnesia

Answer 10

Ribot Gradient

Question 11

“Cells that fire together wire together“

Answer 11

Donald Hebb

Question 12

behaviorist who did classical conditioning

Answer 12

Pavlov

Question 13

behaviorist who did fear conditioning

Answer 13

Watson

Question 14

behaviorist who did operant conditioning

Answer 14

Skinner

Question 15

“magic number”; in your working memory you can hold 7 (± 2) things at a time

Answer 15

Miller’s Law

Question 16

info comes in through senses then goes to short term store, then filter allows certain things to pass through but not others, then eventually it is stored or used to determine outputs

Answer 16

Broadbent’s information model

Question 17

sensory input –> sensory store –> short term or working store –> (encoding) –> long term store

Answer 17

Atkinson and Shiffrin Model

Question 18

a correction/elaboration of Atkinson and Shiffrin Model; central executive –> visuospatial sketchpad / episodic buffer / phonological loop –> long term memory

Answer 18

Baddeley and Hitch Model

Question 19

created a sort of hierarchy of memory; should be credited with distinction between episodic and semantic memory

Answer 19

Tulver

Question 20

created the model of different types of memory (declarative, nondeclarative, etc.)

Answer 20

Squire

Question 21

neurons with high electrical stimulation had stronger synapses and more effective; if they tried again a few days later it was still there (long term)

Answer 21

long term potentiation (LTP)

Question 22

Synapses appear, disappear, and are strengthened by repetition
Connections that fire together, wire together
Spines grow and shrink over time, seemingly randomly
Neural connections fluctuate like crazy (in a span of minutes)!

Answer 22

Hebbian learning

Question 23

brain region responsible for the formation of episodic memories; specialized in spatial memory (place cells and grid cells)

Answer 23

hippocampus