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Memory, Language, and Emotion > Module 2: Emotion > Flashcards

Module 2: Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

prevailing view in psychology textbooks that there set of (5/6) distinct basic emotions that correspond to English emotion words

A

basic emotion theory

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2
Q

known as the father of emotion science; studied emotion expression and perception through observations of behavior; emotions originally served a survival function; found similarities across people and cultures suggesting several basic emotions that are largely innate

A

Charles Darwin

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3
Q

joy, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, (surprise)

A

the Big 5/6 emotions

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4
Q

Ekman studied Papua New Guineans who were isolated from the outside world by telling them brief stories and having them match the paragraph with a photo of a face; found high agreement for most of big 5/6 except for fear and surprise

A

cultural universality of facial expressions

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5
Q

anatomically based system to describe all visible facial movements; breaks down facial expressions into components of certain muscle movements called “action units” (AUs)

A

facial action coding system (FACS)

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6
Q

smile that communicates positive experiences/intentions

A

reward smile

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7
Q

smile that signals appeasement, social bonds

A

affiliative smile

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8
Q

smile that negotiates status in social hierarchies

A

dominance smile

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9
Q

eyes more informative for Asian observers - Big 5/6 inadequate; mouth more informative for Western observers - Big 5/6 adequate

A

Differences in mental models of emotional expressions between Western Caucasian and East Asian observers

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10
Q

Panksepp’s proposed classification scheme for basic emotions

A

expectancy, fear, rage, panic (research on rodents)

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11
Q

Elkman, Friesen, and Ellsworth’s proposed classification scheme for basic emotions

A

joy, disgust, sadness, anger, fear, surprise

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12
Q

better identification (recognition of face identity) of people from one’s own race than others; caused by differences in contact frequency (differences in expertise)

A

other-race effect in face identification

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13
Q

US and Himba ethnic group participants; when given labels of Big 5 emotions both groups sort photos according to those labels but in a free sorting task only the US participants sorted into Big 5 distinct piles

A

No culturally universal categories of facial expressions

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14
Q

brain region involved in detection of facial components

A

occipital face area (OFA/IOG)

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15
Q

brain region involved in holistic face processing/identity

A

fusiform face area (FFA/FUS)

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16
Q

brain region sensitive to detection of body parts

A

extrastriate body area (EBA)

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17
Q

brain region sensitive to full bodies

A

fusiform body area (FBA)

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18
Q

brain region involved in dynamic and changeable aspects of faces (emotion, eye gaze, mouth movement, lip reading), biological motion, and many other things (including theory of mind in temporo-parietal junction)

A

superior temporal sulcus (STS)

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19
Q

brain region responsible for early perception of facial features

A

inferior occipital gyri

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20
Q

brain region responsible for invariant aspects of faces and perception of unique identity

A

lateral fusiform gyrus

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21
Q

someone else holds a mental state (belief) that differs from one’s own belief and from the current state of reality; used to test for theory of mind

A

false belief

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22
Q

thinking about others’ thoughts (not just them in general)

A

theory of mind

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23
Q

brain region associated with theory of mind

A

(left) temporo-parietal junction (TPJ)

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24
Q

known as the father of psychological science; studied the role of body and brain areas in the experience of emotion; focused on the conscious experience of emotion or “feelings”

A

William James

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25
Q

a stimulus (processed by the sensory cortex) causes a bodily response (motor cortex) which then triggers a feeling or emotion (feedback from body)

A

James-Lange Theory of emotion

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26
Q

part of the autonomic nervous system that prepares for action (arousal) by providing glucose and freeze, fight or flight response

A

sympathetic ANS

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27
Q

part of the autonomic nervous system that replenishes the body (important: vagus nerve with motor and sensory fibers)

A

parasympathetic ANS

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28
Q

ANS is too slow and too unspecific

A

general critique of James-Lange Theory

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29
Q

cutting the vagus nerve (major parasympathetic nerve carrying sensory information from the viscera) does not disrupt emotion expression

A

Sherrington critique of James-Lange Theory

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30
Q

injection of adrenaline causes body changes similar to intense emotions but no subjective experience of emotions (except when primed!); subjects reported feeling “keyed up”, they seemed to feel “as if” they were afraid, sad or happy, but ”without true feeling”

A

Maranon critique of James-Lange Theory

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31
Q

sudden unprovoked attacks in fury; a kind of emotional
expression shown in cats with lesioned cortex

A

sham rage

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32
Q

lesioning this brain region abolished sham rage in cats, suggesting that it plays a role in emotion expression

A

hypothalamus

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33
Q

found “real rage” through hypothalamus stimulation in cats which also created “affective defense reaction” (increased heart rate, alertness, and propensity to attack)

A

Walter Hess

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34
Q

a stimulus triggers subcortical brain activity which simultaneously causes a feeling and bodily response; thalamus as emotional hub and hypothalamus causes bodily changes (cortex causes feelings)

A

Cannon-Bard Theory of emotion

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35
Q

we identify feelings based on
1. perception of bodily arousal (tells us about intensity of emotion)
2. cognitive appraisal of the situation (tells us the type of emotion we’re experiencing)

A

two-factor theory of emotion (Schachter & Singer)

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36
Q

brain region involved in learning and representing the
emotional value (good vs. bad) and salience and
relevance of stimuli (e.g., Pavlovian fear
conditioning); key role in inducing bodily changes; vidence for preferential involvement in fear
perception and experience (e.g. patient S.M.,
electrical stimulation of amygdala evokes fear)

A

amygdala

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37
Q

brain region known as “master endocrine gland”; directly regulates the release of hormones from the pituitary and other endocrine glands; regulates autonomic activity and basic survival-related behaviors (feeding, drinking, sex); “sham rage” (Cannon) and “real rage” (Hess); role in innate fear

A

hypothalamus

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38
Q

brain region involved in propagation and modulation of pain (electrical stimulation in patients with
chronic pain), involving opioid receptors; autonomic (sympathetic) and defensive and aversive responses (e.g. freezing, escape); maternal behavior involving vasopressin and oxytocin receptors

A

periaqueductal gray

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39
Q

part of the basal ganglia; involved in operant conditioning (ex. learning to press a lever to receive a reward); responds to rewards and anticipation of
rewards (may compute reward prediction errors, i.e. the discrepancy between actual and expected reward)

A

ventral striatum

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40
Q

neurotransmitter that controls “wanting” (as opposed to “liking”)

A

dopamine

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41
Q

controls “liking” (in terms of taste)

A

opioid receptors in medial shell of nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum

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42
Q

brain region involved in interoceptive awareness (e.g.
detection of heartbeat), pain, and bodily feelings
in general; some evidence for preferential involvement in disgust perception and experience

A

insula

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43
Q

the most famous patient; has a rod through skull which left orbitofrontal cortex damage personality change from friendly and organized to impatient, angry, unreliable

A

Phineas Gage

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44
Q

brain region that represents motivational value of rewards; changes value of rewards according to context (e.g., following satiety, reversal learning)

A

orbitofrontal cortex

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45
Q

brain region responsible for production of bodily responses (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, blood pressure); dorsal region related to response monitoring (whether rewarded or punished) and pain; ventral region close to “mentalizing” areas of the medial prefrontal cortex, but role debated

A

anterior cingulate cortex

46
Q

parts of the Papez Circuit

A

Cingulate cortex
Hippocampus
Anterior thalamus
Hypothalamus and mamillary bodies

47
Q

parts of the limbic system

A

Papez circuit
Orbitofrontal cortex and parts of medial prefrontal cortex
Amygdala

48
Q

a concept that creates the most abstract category within a hierarchy that creates a mental image, is always used by adults, and learned rapidly by children
ex. referring to a dog as “dog” rather than “mammal” or its breed

A

basic concept

49
Q

basic emotions (e.g., Ekman’s Big 5/6) are irreducible (like atoms) and distinct (they do not merge and do not share components)

A

basic emotion theory

50
Q

based on similarity ratings of emotion words; 8 basic emotions (inner circles); more complex emotions in outer circles; can be paired in certain groups

A

Plutchik’s (1980) emotion wheel

51
Q

Rodent studies using electrical brain stimulation eliciting emotion-like behaviors (inspired by Hess and Olds & Milner); noted two types of aggressive behavior by stimulating rat hypothalamus with different electrical currents: predatory aggression and affective aggression

A

Panksepp’s approach to studying emotion

52
Q

aggression directed at prey but not other rats

A

predatory aggression

53
Q

aggression directed at other rats but not prey

A

affective aggression

54
Q

whether a rat returns to an area in the cage where it had previously received brain stimulation

A

conditioned place preference

55
Q

when stimulated, it provokes an identifiable behavioral sequence that the animal can indicate it likes or dislikes; single emotional systems are not mapped onto individual brain areas in a one-to-one fashion, but overlapping networks subserve distinct basic emotion systems; the deeper the stimulation site, the less current is required to elicit emotional response; subcortical and brainstem regions (hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, periaqueductal gray [PAG] in the brain stem) are primary for emotions

A

Panksepp’s core emotional systems

56
Q

mesolimbic system (VTA à NAc); role in both reward and in exploratory behavior in anticipation to find a reward

A

role of dopamine in seeking

57
Q

injection of opiates reduced distress calls; social distress system related to pain system (involving endogenous opioids/endorphins)

A

role of endogenous opioids in panic

58
Q

increases maternal behaviors; decreases separation distress in young animals that are left alone

A

role of oxytocin in lust, care, panic

59
Q

a way of framing emotions as two dimensional: valence and arousal

A

core affect

60
Q

the pleasantness or unpleasantness of a feeling

A

valence

61
Q

dimension of emotion related to wakefulness, alertness, readiness

A

arousal

62
Q

an emotion involves a sequence of evaluations of a stimulus or situation unfolding over milliseconds to seconds
1. Detecting the relevance of an event
2. Evaluating its immediate implications
3. Evaluating one’s ability to cope with it
4. Evaluating its normative significance
Distinct processing stages, involving multiple components that are coordinated by the
emotion state, e.g., autonomic responses, motor expressions, feelings

A

appraisal theory

63
Q

conscious feelings are constructed from sub-components on the fly, without distinct phases; emotions are constructed from other elements (like molecules); for the construction of an emotion, knowledge, thoughts, memories, concepts are added to this core bodily feeling; no brain systems for distinct emotions

A

constructive emotion theories (Lisa Feldman Barrett)

64
Q

processes such as memory, perception, and attention that work together to construct an emotion episode on the fly, as a particular situation requires it (constructed emotion theory)

A

domain-general processes

65
Q

“to know but not feel”; OFC patients show normal skin conductance response (SCR) to loud noise or bright light (capable of becoming aroused) but no SCR to gruesome images or emotional memories; alterations in emotional reactivity leading to great difficulties in making advantageous decisions in social and personal life despite intact cognitive and intellectual functions

A

Gage matrix

66
Q

innate or simple learned responses to salient features of an external stimulus (such as loud noise or bright light), mediated by the amygdala; intact in Elliot (OFC damage); impaired in S.M. (bilateral amygdala damage)

A

primary emotions

67
Q

acquired through long-term learning about emotional consequences of our behavior; can be activated mediated by the OFC; impaired in Elliot (no SCR to gruesome pictures and emotional memories) and in S.M.; in the OFC activate the body via the amygdala and body changes are registered in somatosensory cortex

A

secondary emotions

68
Q

neurologist who found that emotions are critical for social-decision making; studied Elliot, a patient with OFC damage; the Gage matrix; primary and secondary emotions; bodily feelings are critical for decision-making

A

Antonio Damasio

69
Q

a neurological condition in which the patient is unaware of their neurological deficit or psychiatric condition; caused by damage to right somatosensory cortices; often leads them to deny treatment or rehabilitation

A

anosognosia

70
Q

brain regions represent external (touch, temperature, pressure, pain) and internal body sensors (viscera) and are key for emotions and social/personal decisions; damage to this region causes anosognosia

A

right somatosensory cortices

71
Q

the “gut feeling”, somatic changes triggered by OFC provide a summary of our past experience with a stimulus

A

somatic markers

72
Q

circle of connections from mind/brain to body and back to mind/brain; bodily responses are sensed by somatosensory cortices as feelings (remember William James!)

A

body loops

73
Q

body representations in somatosensory cortices can be activated directly without actually inducing the full-fledged bodily responses (“all in the head”); feedback about body changes that have not happened yet

A

as-if loops

74
Q

“real-life” value-based decision-making taskl; “good” decks pay out initially less, but “bad” decks come with massive losses every now and then; healthy control players learn to take from the good decks; patients with OFC damage continue to take from the bad decks because they use reward-based decision-making

A

Iowa Gambling Task

75
Q

neuroanatomist who studied ascending sensory projections to the brain and the insula; discovered Lamina 1 as interoceptive system; argues that feelings about the body give rise to all forms of feelings (e.g. the “pain” of social rejection, the “chills” when listening to a moving piece of music)

A

Bud Craig

76
Q

Craig found ongoing activity in this system in the absence of noxious (painful) stimuli, but related to signals providing information about homeostatic state of body tissues

A

Lamina 1

77
Q

brain region associated with projections of the Lamina 1 system to somatotopic maps for pain, temperature, itch, affective touch, etc.

A

posterior insula

78
Q

brain region associated with re-representations that give rise to subjective feelings

A

anterior insula

79
Q

component of insula that indicates where the body is “damaged” in the experience of pain

A

sensory component

80
Q

component of insula that indicates the negative emotion associated with pain

A

affective component

81
Q

overlapping affective pain matrix areas for felt pain and empathy for pain in anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula

A

cortical pain matrix

82
Q

facial expressions, body posture, observable behavior etc. are expressions of an emotion state

A

Darwin, Adolphs & Anderson

83
Q

emotions are the conscious feelings that humans experience due to their elaborate cortical processing; what most people think of as emotion is really motivation, arousal, and drive

A

LeDoux’s Higher-Order Theory

84
Q

emotions may have evolved out of reflexes (e.g. see how flies show some emotion features) but unlike reflexes, emotion states are portable across a huge range of situations, many of which we learn about

A

emotions as decoupled reflexes

85
Q

studying emotions as functional states, not as brain states; should be identified by their causal relations (i.e., what do they do?)

A

psycho-functionalism

86
Q

scalability, valence, persistence, generalization, global
coordination

A

functional properties of emotion states

87
Q

there is a scale in intensity (arousal), which can result in discontinuous behaviors (e.g. transition from hiding to freezing during the approach of a predator) - not always the same response = not a reflex
flies: few/single shadow passes: response is freezing; multiple shadow passes: response is hopping

A

scalability

88
Q

psychological dimension of (un)pleasantness or stimulus-response dimension of appetitive/approach vs. aversive/avoidance; can measure whether an animal is approaching or avoiding a stimulus
flies: feeding flies ignore first pass, but escalate behavior after following passes because shadow valence becomes stronger than food valence

A

valence

89
Q

emotions outlast their eliciting stimulus for seconds to minutes (different for different emotions); can influence cognition and behavior; amnesia patients showed elevated levels of emotion well beyond the point where they had lost factual memory of the movie clips (emotional persistence does not rely on long term memory)
flies: behavioral response lasted for seconds to minutes

A

persistence

90
Q

same emotions can be experienced over stimuli and behavior, dependent on learning and context (fan-in/fan-out)
flies: had similar responses in different contexts (with/without food)

A

generalization/integration

91
Q

emotions orchestrate a whole web of effects in brain and body (whole organism)
flies: freeze or hopping response

A

global coordination

92
Q

emotion can boost attention and working memory; smaller attentional blink when second item was a negative word; no emotional boost with bilateral amygdala damage

A

emotional attentional blink

93
Q

pair electric shock (US) with neutral odor (CS)

A

aversive conditioning in flies

94
Q

pair sucrose (US) with neutral odor (CS)

A

appetitive conditioning in flies

95
Q

type of neurons that encode reward AND punishment depending on their circuitry (fruit flies)

A

dopamine neurons

96
Q

mediates both male flies’ aggressive behaviors towards other males, and courtship/mating toward females; promotes a persistent state of aggression once a conspecific male is encountered; similar in male mice in ventromedial hypothalamus

A

P1 neuronal cluster

97
Q

brain region necessary for acquisition and expression of conditioned fear (but not sufficient for conscious experience of fear); non-mammalian species (reptiles, birds, fish, but not flies) have a similar brain region with similar circuits and function as the mammalian version;
only 3–5 of of 12 nuclei are involved in fear conditioning

A

amygdala

98
Q

nuclei in the amygdala involved in fear conditioning

A

Basolateral complex (BLA, including the lateral [LA], cell group), and central nucleus (CeA, containing lateral [CeL] and medial [CeM] subdivisions)

99
Q

coordinated behavioral, autonomic, and endocrine response

A

global organismal response

100
Q

pathways conveying CS (cue) and US (shock) converge in the BLA (or LA), where they strengthen synaptic responses to the CS; CeL also plays a role

A

acquisition of fear conditioning

101
Q

information is relayed to CeA (CE) as the final common pathway for output from the amygdala; CeM coordinates output via inhibitory projection neurons

A

expression of fear conditioning

102
Q

seven distinct cell types within different subdivision of this brain region; some involved in appetitive behavior, some in defensive behavior

A

central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA)

103
Q

BLA neurons activated by aversive stimuli (e.g. foot shock) project to the CeA, and are necessary and sufficient for fear conditioning
BLA neurons activated by rewarding stimuli (e.g. nicotine) project to the NAc and support positive reinforcement

A

distinct neuronal subtypes in basolateral complex (BLA) of amygdala

104
Q

general role of amygdala in “relevance detection”; but human neuroimaging does not have sufficient cell-type/circuit-level resolution

A

implications for human neuroimaging

105
Q

aggression and mating (mice-fly similarities) – neurons express the type 1 estrogen receptor (Esr1)

A

ventrolateral portion of ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHvl)

106
Q

innate predator defense – neurons express the transcription factor SF1

A

dorsomedial/central portion of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMHdm/c)

107
Q

brain region involved in innate fear; separation of neurons for innate fear (SF1 in VMHdm/c) and aggression/mating (Esr1 in VMHl)

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

108
Q

S.M. no fear recognition, fear conditioning, fear experience, but intact concept of fear and panic induced by the thought of suffocation

A

dissociations of fear components in bilateral
amygdala damage

109
Q

many (sub)cortical regions, some
specificity for emotion, some specificity for
emotion categories

A

three lessons from electrical stimulation in
humans

110
Q

findings of imaging for emotion concepts

A

emotion concept findings in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) support appraisal theory

Memory, Language, and Emotion (3 decks)

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