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Memory, Language, and Emotion > Module 1: Language > Flashcards

Module 1: Language Flashcards

1
Q

a language disorder associated with damage to part of the brain that causes problems with language expression and comprehension

A

aphasia

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2
Q

problems producing language; low-functioning grammar, but still meaningful utterances; language comprehension is spared; located in inferior frontal gyrus

A

Broca’s aphasia

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3
Q

brain region where Broca’s area is located

A

inferior frontal gyrus

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4
Q

brain region where Wernicke’s area is located

A

posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG)

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5
Q

language production is fluent and often copious, but often lacks meaning; language comprehension is also affected; located in posterior superior temporal gyrus (pSTG)

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

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6
Q

some sort of auditory speech input is relayed to Wernicke’s area; meaning is put to the words heard; using the input and conceptual representation, Broca’s area is responsible for speech production

A

Wernicke-Lichtheim-Geschwind model

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7
Q

meaningful grammatical units within a sentence

A

propositions

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8
Q

the smallest meaningful units of language that cannot be further divided or analyzed (carries meaning)

A

morphemes

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9
Q

the basic sounds of a language (speech sounds)

A

phonemes

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10
Q

words that differ in only one phonological element, such as “rot” and “lot”

A

minimal pairs

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11
Q

the study of the categorical organization of speech sounds in languages; how speech sounds are organized in the mind and used to convey meaning

A

phonology

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12
Q

the part of the mouth used to make a sound

A

place of articulation

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13
Q

how speech comes to life

A

manner of articulation

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14
Q

whether or not your vocal cords vibrate when making a sound

A

voicing

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15
Q

the acoustic realization of phonemes is influenced by the surrounding phonemes

A

coarticulation

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16
Q

perception of distinct categories when there is a gradual change in a variable along a continuum

A

categorical perception

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17
Q

the duration of the period of time between the release of a plosive and the beginning of vocal fold vibration

A

voice onset time (VOT)

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18
Q

where the sounds of phonemes are processed

A

dorsal superior temporal gyrus (STG)

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19
Q

where the meanings of phonemes are processed

A

mid-post superior temporal sulcus (STS)

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20
Q

word that can be derived from another word if you change 1 phoneme

A

neighbor

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21
Q

the number of phonological neighbors a word has

A

neighborhood density

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22
Q

a model of speech perception in which there are two simultaneous processes (ventral stream and dorsal stream) that play different roles in the perception of speech

A

Hickok and Poeppel’s Dual Stream Model

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23
Q

the “what” stream of the dual-stream model; where sounds are given meaning and we are able to understand the message; lexical access; aMTG and aITS for combinatorial network; pMTG and pITS for lexical interface

A

ventral stream

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24
Q

accessing the meaning of a word

A

lexical access

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25
Q

combining words into a sentence/message

A

combinatorial network

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26
Q

an imaging analysis technique that establishes a relationship between precise lesion location and clinical deficit

A

voxel-based lesion symptom mapping

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27
Q

the “how” stream of the dual stream model; the motor system for speech production; how we would pronounce the sounds we hear; pIFG, PM, anterior insula for articulatory network; parietal-temporal Spt for sensorimotor interface

A

dorsal stream

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28
Q

a method of studying brain regions by temporarily activating or deactivating a brain region to determine what regions are necessary for what functions

A

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

29
Q

deciding whether a sound you hear is a word or not

A

lexical decision task

30
Q

region in planum temporale involved in translating what you hear to motor signals, sensorimotor regulation of the vocal tract, and speech perception

A

Sylvian Parietal-Temporal area (Spt)

31
Q

no problem with language production and processing, but have problems with language repetition due to damage in the dorsal stream

A

conduction aphasia

32
Q

neurons in the brain that are active during both the production and perception of speech; Broca’s area

A

mirror neurons

33
Q

meaning is represented in nodes within an interconnected network

A

semantic network

34
Q

activating one concept automatically activates concepts that are related to it

A

spreading activation

35
Q

words that are ________ related are closer in semantic networks than words that are _________ related

A

associationally; semantically

36
Q

words that often co-occur; ex. traffic-jam

A

associational relationship

37
Q

words that overlap in meaning; ex. fork-spoon

A

semantic relationship

38
Q

bottom-up model; representations of speech sounds (i.e., words) are individual logogens; inputs activate logogens and if the threshold for a logogen is reached, it fires and then the information in that logogen is integrated into the sentence and used to build further sentence structure

A

Logogen Model (Morton, 1969)

39
Q

an interactive model of speech perception that takes into account contextual information in a sentence; bottom-up and top-down; allows for either words or phonemes to be derived from spoken language

A

TRACE Model (McClelland and Elman, 1986)

40
Q

model of speech perception with 3 sequential levels of processing: access, then selection, then integration

A

Cohort Model (Marlsen-Wilson & Welsh, 1978)

41
Q

part of the cohort model in which initial activation of multiple word-candidates occurs based on phonetic match with the first part of the acoustic input (no role for context)

A

access

42
Q

part of the cohort model in which one of the accessed word candidates is selected based on the rest of the acoustic input AND context

A

selection

43
Q

part of the cohort model in which the meaning of the selected word is activated and integrated within the preceding message (the discourse)

A

integration

44
Q

when a phoneme in a word is replaced with meaningless noise (ex. *eel), we “hear” the missing phoneme based on the context of the sentence

A

phoneme restoration

45
Q

a group of words that don’t change over time; a set for a given language

A

closed class words

46
Q

words that we can add to our mental lexicon and fluctuate based on context

A

open class words

47
Q

the language you speak (the form and content/words) determine the content of your thought

A

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

48
Q

you cannot think anything else than what you have words for

A

linguistic determinism

49
Q

you can still think about concepts that you don’t have words for, but it is less specific/acute of a thought

A

linguistic relativism

50
Q

a semantic unit conventionally associated with linguistic forms

A

lexical concept

51
Q

lexical selection process in Levelt’s model of speech production; contains info on syntactic and semantic properties (meaning)

A

LEMMA

52
Q

word form retrieval process in Levelt’s model of speech production; contains info about phonetic properties (pronunciation)

A

LEXEME

53
Q

one sound form (lexeme) with two different meanings (lemmas)

A

homophone

54
Q

it is easier to pronounce words that occur more frequently

A

word frequency effect

55
Q

sequentially modular model;
1. lexical selection - LEMMA
2. word form retrieval - LEXEME

A

Levelt’s Model of Speech Production

56
Q

when people make speech errors, they have a bias to say real words rather than fake words

A

lexical bias

57
Q

syntactic/grammatical analysis

A

parsing

58
Q

as readers/listeners, we don’t wait until a full sentence is finished before we start giving meaning

A

immediacy principle

59
Q

Friederici & Mecklinger; a modular model in which first, the syntactic category (part of speech) of each incoming word is established, then a sentence structure is constructed based on the category labels; semantics play no role in these steps

A

two-stage model of parsing

60
Q

we prefer to have as few nodes in our parsing trees as possible

A

minimal attachment strategy

61
Q

keep working on/ adding to the node you are currently
in for as long as possible

A

late closure

62
Q

Steinhauer et al.; an interactive model of parsing in which multiple syntactic structures are constructed at the same time and there is competition between structures; if a syntactic tree gets a lot of activation, it inhibits the other structures

A

constraint-based model

63
Q

Van Gompel et al.; a modular model of parsing in which multiple syntactic structures are constructed at the same time and each structure receives more activation as the input matches; there is no competition in the sense that activation of one structure doesn’t suppress another

A

race-based model

64
Q

each sentence does not exist within a vacuum; other sentences around it influence meaning/interpretation; we also integrate sentences into our knowledge about the world and how people function in it; updated continuously as new information is added

A

discourse integration

65
Q

brain region involved in discourse processing

A

bilateral anterior temporal lobes

66
Q

brain region thought to support the generation of the situation model and update it based on incoming text

A

medial parietal areas

67
Q

mental model of the situation conveyed by the text; some parts are described in the text (ex. time, space, protagonist) but others may be more hidden (ex. motivation)

A

situation model

68
Q

brain region involved in scene construction and potentially also inferencing but more for logic stories about the physical world (rather than theory of mind)

A

dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC)

69
Q

brain region highly activated only when inference needs to be made, particularly activated for theory of mind stories

A

right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ)

Memory, Language, and Emotion (3 decks)

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