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MICROBIOLOGY > MODULE 3: Lecture > Flashcards

MODULE 3: Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

• Response of the body to the presence of a
substance not recognized as a body
constituent (Ex. Bacteria, virus, fungi)

A

IMMUNE RESPONSE

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2
Q

• Substance or part of a foreign substance
that is identified by the immune system that
illicit an immune response

A

antigen

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3
Q

PROTEIN produced by the immune system
that recognizes ANTIGENS

A

antibody
6

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4
Q

• Physiological barriers
• Innate Immunologic Mechanisms
– Microbial Sensors
– Phagocytic cells
– Inflammatory response
– Fever
– Interferons
– Natural Killer (NK) Cells
– Complement System

A

Innate Immunity

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5
Q

Microbial Sensors
3 MAJOR CLASSES

A
  1. Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)
  2. Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain (NOD)
    like receptors
  3. Retinoic Acid-Inducible Gene I (RIG-I) and
    Melanoma Differentiation-Associated Gene
    5 (MDA5)
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6
Q

• Mediators of inflammatory pathways in the gut

A

TLR’s

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7
Q

• Thus, mediates the immune responses towards a wide variety of pathogen-derived ligands

A

TLR’s

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8
Q

• Links adaptive immunity with innate
immunity

A

TLR’s

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9
Q

• Specialized group of intracellular proteins

A

NOD-Like Receptors

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10
Q

• Regulates the host’s innate immune response

A

NOD-Like Receptors

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11
Q

• Cytoplasmic sensors of viral single- stranded RNA SSRNA and viral double-stranded RNA dSRNA

A

RIG-1 like helicases and MDA-5

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12
Q

• Recognizes distinct and complementary sets of viral dsRNA ligands

A

RIG-1 like helicases and MDA-5

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13
Q

Phagocytic Cells

A

INNATE IMMUNITY
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

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14
Q

• Leukocyte (wbc)
• Acts as the first line of defense

A

NEUTROPHILS

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15
Q

• Leukocyte
• FIGHTS off diseases

A

Eosinophils

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16
Q

• ↑ Levels of Eosinophils means:

A

– parasite infection
– allergic reaction
– cancer

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17
Q

: ↑ levels of eosinophils in the blood or tissues at the infection site

A

eosinophilia

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18
Q

• Leukocyte
• DEFENDS the body from allergens, pathogens and parasites

A

Basophils

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19
Q

• Releases enzymes to improve blood flow and prevent blood clots

A

Basophils

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20
Q

• Leukocyte
• Type of phagocyte
• ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELL

A

Dendritic Cells

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21
Q

Dendritic Cells
– Boosts immune response by SHOWING antigen on its surface to other cells of the immune system

A

ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELL

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22
Q

• Leukocyte
• REMOVES old cells and dendriles
• Found in tissues and skin

A

Macrophage

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23
Q

5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION

A

DOLOR
CALOR
RUBOR
TUMOR
FUNXO LAESA

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24
Q

5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
pain

A

DOLOR

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25
Q

5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
heat

A

CALOR

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26
Q

5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
heat

A

CALOR

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27
Q

5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
redness

A

RUBOR

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28
Q

5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
swelling

A

TUMOR

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29
Q

5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
loss of function

A

FUNXO LAESA

30
Q

Interferons: Family

A

Type I IFN’s
Type II IFN’s
Type III IFN’s

31
Q

Interferons: Family
– NUMEROUS genes
– IFN-α and IFN-β

A

Type I IFN’s

32
Q

Interferons: Family
– SINGLE gene
– IFN-γ

A

Type II IFN’s

33
Q

Interferons: Family
– Recently discovered
– IFN-λ

A

Type III IFN’s

34
Q

• Large, granular lymphocytes
• Morphologically related to T-cells

A

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

35
Q

• Part of innate-immunity
• RECOGNIZES virus infected cells and tumor cells, then RESPONDS by killing

A

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

36
Q

Natural Killer Cells
2 TYPES OF SURFACE RECEPTORS

A
  1. Lectin-like NK-cell receptors
     Binds to proteins but not carbohydrates
  2. Killer Immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR’s)
     Recognizes the following:
     MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX
    (MHC) CLASS I MOLECULES
     HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN B (HLA-B)
     HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN C (HLA-C)
37
Q

• viral infection: Triggers production of TYPE I IFN’s (TLR-3, TLR-7, TLR-9)

A

Interferons

38
Q

• natural cells and T-cells: Produces IFN-γ

A

Interferons

39
Q

• cytocines IL-2, IL-12: Also produces IFN-γ

A

Interferons

40
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

A

NATURALLY ACQUIRED
ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED

41
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Naturally acquired
- antigens enter the body naturally; body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

42
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Naturally acquired
- antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via the mother’s milk

43
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Artificially acquired
- antigens are introduced in vaccines; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

44
Q

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
Artificially acquired
- preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection

45
Q

CELLULAR IMMUNITY

46
Q

• Etymology: Matures in the thymus

47
Q

T-Cells
2 FORMS

A

• Helper T-Cell (AKA: CD4 cell)
• Cytotoxic T-Cell (AKA: CD8 cell)

48
Q

T-Cells
2 FORMS
– COMMUNICATES, IDENTIFIES AND COORDINATES an immune response
– Activates T-Cells, B-Cells and macrophage

A

Helper T-Cell (AKA: CD4 cell)

49
Q

T-Cells
2 FORMS
– COMMUNICATES, IDENTIFIES AND COORDINATES an immune response
– Activates T-Cells, B-Cells and macrophage

A

Helper T-Cell (AKA: CD4 cell)

50
Q

T-Cells
2 FORMS
– ATTACKS and DESTROYS rogue or mutated cells

A

Cytotoxic T-Cell (AKA: CD8 cell)

51
Q

HUMORAL IMMUNITY

A

B-Cells
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

52
Q

• Etymology: Matures in the bone marrow

53
Q

• Creates and secretes a specific type of antibodies

54
Q

• Differentiates into:
– Antibody producing cells
– Memory cells

55
Q

• GAMMA heavy chains
• MOST VERSATILE → can carry out all
functions of immunoglobulin molecules

A

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

56
Q

• ONLY immunoglobulin that can:
– Cross the placently
– Passed on the fetus during pregnancy

A

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

57
Q

• MU heavy chains
• MACROANTIBODY
• FIRST to be secreted after initial exposure to antigens

A

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

58
Q

• ALPHA heavy chains
• 2ND most common serum immunoglobulin
• AKA: serum antibody
• Found in secretions such as tears, saliva, colostrum, mucus

A

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

59
Q

• DELTA heavy chains
• Exists only as a monomer
• Found on the surface of B-cells, initiates B-cell response

A

Immunoglobulin D (IgD)

60
Q

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

A

EPSILON
ALLLERGINE REACTION

61
Q

• EPSILON heavy chains
• AKA: allergy antibody

A

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

62
Q

ALLERGIC REACTION
1. Binding of allergen to IgE
2. Release of pharmacological mediators that trigger histamine
3. Causes allergies and hypersensitivity

A

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

63
Q

highest opsonization and neutralization activities.
classified into four subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4)

64
Q

produced first upon antigen invasion. increases transiently

65
Q

expressed in mucosal tissues. forms dimers after secretion

66
Q

unknown function

67
Q

involved in allergy

68
Q

TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS

A

Type I Hypersensitivity
Type II Hypersensitivity
Type III Hypersensitivity
Type IV Hypersensitivity

69
Q

TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
• AKA: anaphylactic allergy/anaphylaxis

A

Type I Hypersensitivity

70
Q

TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
• AKA: cytotoxic
• Basis of ABD blood group system

A

Type II Hypersensitivity

71
Q

TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
• AKA: immune complex
• Abnormal immune response
• Formation of antigen-antibody aggregates called IMMMUNE COMPLEXES, triggers classical complement system

A

Type III Hypersensitivity

72
Q

TYPES OF HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS

• AKA: delayed
• Example: contact dermatitis from poison ivy

A

Type IV Hypersensitivity

MICROBIOLOGY (4 decks)

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