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MICROBIOLOGY > Module 2: Growth And Cultivation Of Microorganisms > Flashcards

Module 2: Growth And Cultivation Of Microorganisms Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria reproduce in an asexual manner called

A

BINARY FISSION

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2
Q

Bacteria reproduce in an asexual manner
called binary fission

A

BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION

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3
Q

Bacterial reproduction grows ____________
or
______________

A

EXPONENTIALLY & LOGARITHMIC

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4
Q

Time required for the cell to divide
and for its population to double

A

GENERATION TIME

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5
Q

GENERATION TIME
TIME (HOURS:MIN)
0

A

NO. OF CELLS
1

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6
Q

GENERATION TIME
TIME (HOURS:MIN)
0:20

A

NO. OF CELLS
2

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7
Q

GENERATION TIME
TIME (HOURS:MIN)
0:40

A

40

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8
Q

Phases of Bacterial Growth

A

LAG
LOG
STATIONARY
DEATH

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9
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
Little or no cell division

A

LAG PHASE

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10
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
Cells maybe:
– Growing in volume or size
– Synthesizing enzymes and proteins
– Increasing metabolic activity

A

LAG PHASE

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11
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
AKA: Exponential/ geometric growth phase

A

LOG PHASE

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12
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
Cells begin to divide, enters a period of
growth or logarithmic increase

A

LOG PHASE

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13
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
Cellular reproduction is most active

A

LOG PHASE

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14
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
Generation time reaches a constant minimum

A

LOG PHASE

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15
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
• Exponential growth CANNOT continue
forever due to the following reasons:
– Exhaustion of nutrients
– Accumulation of inhibitory metabolites
– Lack of biological space

A

LOG PHASE

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16
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
• Growth slows down due to depletion of Viable
nutrients and formation of Toxic products

A

STATIONARY PHASE

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17
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
• Number of new cells equals
number of cells that die, thus resulting in a steady state

A

STATIONARY PHASE

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18
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
AKA: death phase

A

DECLINE PHASE

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19
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
• Exponential decrease in the number of bacteria

A

DECLINE PHASE

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20
Q

• Process of propagating microorganisms by providing the proper environmental conditions

A

CULTIVATION

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21
Q

• Requires:
– elements
– nutrients
– metabolic energy

A

CULTIVATION

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22
Q

• Factors to be controlled:
– Nutrients
– pH
– Temperature
– Aeration
– Salt concentration
– Ionic strength of the medium

A

CULTIVATION

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23
Q

Cultivation Factors to be controlled:

A

– Nutrients
– pH
– Temperature
– Aeration
– Salt concentration
– Ionic strength of the medium

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24
Q

Sources of Metabolic Energy

A

• Fermentation
• Respiration
• Photosynthesis

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25
Q

• Characterized by substrate phosphorylation

A

FERMENTATION

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26
Q

Addition of phosphorus

A

SUBSTRATE PHOSPHORYLATION

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27
Q

• Requires an oxidant, often times gaseous oxygen
– Alternatives: Carbon dioxide, sulfate and nitrate

A

RESPIRATION

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28
Q

– Alternatives: Carbon dioxide, sulfate and nitrate

A

RESPIRATION

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29
Q

• Chemical reduction of an oxidant (e acceptor) through a specific series of electron carriers in the membrane

A

RESPIRATION

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30
Q

• Reductant (e donor)
– Maybe organic or inorganic
– For some organisms it can be lactic acid or hydrogen gas

A

RESPIRATION

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31
Q

• Similar to respiration

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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32
Q

• Chemical reduction of an oxidant via a specific series of electron carriers
• Difference: Reductant and oxidant are created photochemically

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

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33
Q

• Carbon
• Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous
• Mineral sources
• Growth factors

A

CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS

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34
Q

CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS

A

• Carbon
• Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous
• Mineral sources
• Growth factors

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35
Q

CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
• Obtained from organic materials such as proteins, carbohydrates and lipids

A

CARBON

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36
Q

CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
• Forms amino groups of the amino acids of protein

A

NITROGEN

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37
Q

CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
• Most microorganisms assimilate nitrogen in the form of ammonia through membrane diffusion

38
Q

CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
• Source: Nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, amine and amino acids

39
Q

CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
• Component of several coenzymes and found in the cysteinyl and methionyl side chains of proteins

40
Q

CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
• Source: Sulfate and hydrogen sulfide

41
Q

CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
• (in the form of phosphate) component of:
– ATP
– Nucleic acids
– Coenzymes like (NAD, NADP)
– Flavins

A

PHOSPHORUS

42
Q

CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
• Requires phosphorylation
– Metabolites
– Phospholipids, lipid A
– Teichoic acid
– Capsular polysaccharides
– Proteins

A

PHOSPHORUS

43
Q

Mineral Sources

A

MAGNESIUM ION
FERROUS IRON
MAGNESIUM & IRON
CALCIUM
SODIUM
Mn+2, Mo+2, Co+2, Cu+2, Zn+2

44
Q

MAGNESIUM ION
FERROUS IRON
MAGNESIUM & IRON
CALCIUM
SODIUM
other minerals: Mn+2, Mo+2, Co+2, Cu+2, Zn+2

A

MINERAL SOURCES

45
Q

MINERAL SOURCES
Found in chlorophyll molecules

A

MAGNESIUM ION

46
Q

MINERAL SOURCES
Part of the coenzyme of cytochromes and peroxidases

A

FERROUS IRON

47
Q

MINERAL SOURCES
Function and integrity of ribosomes

A

MAGNESIUM & IRON

48
Q

MINERAL SOURCES
Required constituent of gram-positive cell walls

49
Q

MINERAL SOURCES
Required for the growth of marine organisms

50
Q

Nutritional Types of Prokaryotes

A

PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
PHOTOHETEROTROPHS
CHEMOAUTOTROPHS OR LITHOTROPHS
CHEMOHETEROTROPHS OR HETEROTROPHS

51
Q

NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF PROKARYOTES
ENERGY SOURCE: light

CARBON SOURCE: carbon dioxide

A

PHOTOAUTOTROPHS

52
Q

NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF PROKARYOTES
ENERGY SOURCE: light

A

PHOTOHETEROTROPHS

53
Q

NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF PROKARYOTES
ENERGY SOURCE: inorganic compounds

A

CHEMOAUTOTROPHS OR LITOTROPHS

54
Q

NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF PROKARYOTES
ENERGY SOURCE: organic compounds

A

CHEMOHETEROTROPHS OR HETEROTROPHS

55
Q

• Temperature
• pH
• Gaseous Requirements
• Osmotic Pressure

A

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS

56
Q

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
TEMPERATURE
-15C to -20C (cold loving)

A

PSYCHROPHILES

57
Q

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
TEMPERATURE
0C (food spoilage)

A

PSYCHOTROPHS

58
Q

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
TEMPERATURE
30C to 37C (cause disease)

A

MESOPHILES

59
Q

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
TEMPERATURE
50C to 60C

A

THERMOPHILES

60
Q

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
TEMPERATURE
100C to above

A

HYPERTHERMOPHILES

61
Q

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
pH
- pH 3 (acid)

A

ACIDOPHILE

62
Q

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
pH
-pH 6-8 (Basophile)

A

NEUTROPHILE

63
Q

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
pH
- pH 10.5

A

ALKALIPHILE

64
Q

PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
pH
- pH 10.5

A

ALKALIPHILE

65
Q

• For most organisms, oxygen enhances metabolism and growth

A

GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS

66
Q

• Oxygen generates two toxic substances: (for bacterias)
– H2O2 - Hydrogen peroxide
– Superoxide radical

A

GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS

67
Q

• Oxygen generates two toxic substances:

A

– H2O2 - Hydrogen peroxide
– Superoxide radical

68
Q

• Some microorganisms produce:
– Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
– Catalase

A

GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS

69
Q

GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS
Only aerobic growth; oxygen required

A

OBLIGATE AEROBES

70
Q

GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS
- both aerobic and anaerobic growth; greater growth in presence of oxygen

A

FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES

71
Q

GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS
Only anaerobic growth; growth ceases in presence of oxygen.

A

OBLIGATE ANAEROBES

72
Q

GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS
Only anaerobic growth; but growth continues in presence of oxygen

A

AEROTOLERANT ANAEROBES

73
Q

GASEOUS REQUIREMENTS
Only aerobic growth; oxygen required in low concentration

A

MICROAEROPHILES

74
Q

GROWTH PATTERNS
growth occurs only where high concentrations of oxygen have diffused into the medium

A

OBLIGATE AEROBES

75
Q

GROWTH PATTERNS
growth is best where most oxygen is present, but occurs throughout tube

A

FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES

76
Q

GROWTH PATTERNS
growth occurs only where there is no oxygen

A

OBLIGATE ANAEROBES

77
Q

GROWTH PATTERNS
growth occurs evenly; oxygen has no effect

A

AEROTOLERANT ANAEROBES

78
Q

GROWTH PATTERNS
growth occurs only where a low concentration of oxygen has diffused into medium

A

MICROAEROPHILES

79
Q

5-10% CO2

A

CAPNEIC CAPNOPHILES

80
Q

OSMOTIC PRESSURE
organisms that require high salt concentration

A

HALOPHILES

81
Q

OSMOTIC PRESSURE
organisms that require high osmotic pressure

A

OSMOPHILES

82
Q

Bacterial reproduction grows exponentially
or logarithmic

A

BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION

83
Q

Bacterial reproduction grows exponentially
or logarithmic

A

BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION

84
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
Population remains unchanged

85
Q

PHASES OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
• Irreversible loss of the ability to reproduce

A

DECLINE PHASE

86
Q

• Formation of ATP in fermentation is not coupled by the transfer of electrons

A

FERMENTATION

87
Q

• Difference: Reductant and oxidant are created photochemically

A

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

88
Q

CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
• May also be derived from CO2

89
Q

NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF PROKARYOTES
CARBON SOURCE: carbon dioxide

A

PHOTOAUTOTROPHS

90
Q

NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF PROKARYOTES
CARBON SOURCE: organic compunds

A

PHOTOHETEROTROPHS

91
Q

NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF PROKARYOTES
CARBON SOURCE: carbon dioxide

A

CHEMIAUTOTROPHS OR LITHOTROPHS

92
Q

NUTRITIONAL TYPES OF PROKARYOTES
CARBON SOURCE: organic compounds

A

CHEMOHETEROTROPHS OR HETEROTROPHS

MICROBIOLOGY (4 decks)

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