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Module 1: Introduction To Microbiology Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Study of microscopic organisms, those being
– unicellular (single cell)
– multicellular (cell colony)
– acellular (lacking cells)

A

MICROBIOLOGY

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2
Q

• Reported that life’s smallest structural units were “little boxes” or “cells” that he was able to see using his improved version of a compound microscope

A

ROBERT HOOKE

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3
Q

• 1665: Hooke’s discovery marked the beginning of the “cell theory” stating that all living things are composed of cells

A

ROBERT HOOKE

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4
Q

• Probably the first person to actually observe live microorganisms which he called as “animalcules” through his simple, single-lens microscope

A

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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5
Q

• 1673: His contribution led him to be recognized as the “father of microbiology”

A

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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6
Q

Create a life from non living organisms

A

THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS

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7
Q

THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS”
- maggots experiment

A

FRANCESCO REDI

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8
Q

THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS”
Microorganisms could arise spontaneously
from heated nutrient broth

A

JOHN NEEDHAM’S EXPERIMENT

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9
Q

THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS”
Yes to spontaneous generation

A

JOHN NEEDHAM

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10
Q

THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS”
• 1745: vital force is necessary for spontaneous generation to occur

A

JOHN NEEDHAM

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11
Q

THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“THEORY OF ABIOGENESIS”
• Repeated Needham’s experiment and suggested that the results of Needham’s experiment was due to air entering the flask

A

LAZARRO SPALLANZANI

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12
Q

life can only come from life

A

CONCEPT OF BIOGENESIS

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13
Q

cells can only come from other cells

A

CONCEPT OF BIOGENESIS

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14
Q

THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“CONCEPT OF BIOGENESIS”
• Demonstrated that microorganisms are
everywhere

A

LOUIS PASTEUR

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15
Q

THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“CONCEPT OF BIOGENESIS”
• Offered proof for biogenesis using swan neck experiment

A

LOUIS PASTEUR

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16
Q

THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“CONCEPT OF BIOGENESIS”
• Contributions (1861):
–
–
–

A

LOUIS PASTEUR

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17
Q

THE DEBATE OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION
“CONCEPT OF BIOGENESIS”
Swan neck experiment

A

LOUIS PASTEUR

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18
Q

• 1857 – 1914: Rapid advancements in the field of microbiology

A

GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

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19
Q

• fermentation
– Sugar + Yeast → alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO2) → acetic acid

A

GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

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20
Q

Pasteurization
– Heating process that kills bacteria present in some alcoholic beverages and milk

A

GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

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21
Q

– Sugar + Yeast → alcohol and carbon dioxide (CO2) → acetic acid

A

FERMENTATION

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22
Q

– Heating process that kills bacteria present in some alcoholic beverages and milk

A

PASTEURIZATION

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23
Q

• Agostino Bassi (1835) and Pasteur (1865) showed a casual relationship between microorganisms and disease through the GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

A

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

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24
Q

• Disease is caused by a specific microorganism

A

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE

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25
Q

caused by a specific microorganism

A

DISEASE

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26
Q

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
Introduced the use of phenol or carboxylic acid as a disinfectant to clean surgical dressings

A

JOHN LISTER (1860)

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27
Q

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
Introduced koch’s postulates

A

ROBERT KOCH (1876)

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28
Q

GERM THEORY OF DISEASE
1. The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals.
2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture.
3. The disease patient must present all the signs and symptoms when the microorganism is present.
4. The same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host.

A

ROBERT KOCH

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29
Q

Responsible for a certain disease

A

MICROORGANISM

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30
Q

• Imparts immunity, a resistance to a particular disease, via inoculation with a vaccine

A

VACCINATION

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31
Q

• Edward Jenner (1798): Demonstrated inoculation with cowpox to provide humans with immunity from small pox

A

VACCINATION

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32
Q

Demonstrated inoculation with cowpox to provide humans with immunity from small pox

A

EDWARD JENNER (1798)

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33
Q

• Louis Pasteur (1880): Coined the word “vaccine” by discovering avirulent bacteria used for fowl cholera

A

VACCINATION

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34
Q

Coined the word “vaccine” by discovering avirulent bacteria used for fowl cholera

A

LOUIS PASTEUR (1880)

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35
Q

• Modern vaccines are prepared from:
– living avirulent microorganisms
– Killed pathogens
– Isolated components of pathogens
– Recombinant DNA techniques

A

VACCINATION

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36
Q

• Introduced the practice of “handwashing ” using chlorinated lime among personnel to prevent the spread of infection

A

IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS

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37
Q

• Introduced tyndallization or fractional distillation
– Eradicates bacterial spores

A

JOHN TYNDALL

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38
Q

Chemical treatment of a disease

A

CHEMOTHERAPHY

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39
Q

• “magic bullet principle”
- drug will only target bacteria

A

CHEMOTHERAPHY

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40
Q

CHEMOTHERAPY
• Types of Chemotherapeutic Agents

A

SYNTHETIC DRUGS
ANTIBIOTICS

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41
Q

CHEMOTHERAPHY
prepared in the laboratory

A

SYNTHETIC DRUGS

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42
Q

CHEMOTHERAPY
substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms

A

ANTIBIOTICS

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43
Q

MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY
Bacillus
- tyrocidine
- gramicidin

A

RENE DUBOS

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44
Q

MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY
- salvarsari
- arsphenamine
- compound 606

A

PAUL EHRLICH

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45
Q

MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY
Arsenic 606

A

COMPOUND 606

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46
Q

MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY
Observe penicillium

A

SIR ALEXANDER FLEMING

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47
Q

MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY
Studied pharmacological action of penicillin

A

ERNST BORIS CHAIN and SIR HOWARD WALTER FLOREY

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48
Q

MODERN CHEMOTHERAPY
inhibited growth of bacteria

A

PENICILLIN

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49
Q

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY

A

• Rebecca Lancefield
• Dmitri Iwanowski
• Wendell Stanley

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50
Q

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY
Classified streptococci basis cell walls

A

REBECCA LANCEFIELD

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51
Q

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY
phasic disease of tobacco was caused by virus (very small)

A

DIMITRI IWANOWSKI

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52
Q

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY
viral structure chemistry

A

WENDELL STANLEY

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53
Q

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY

A

GEORGE BEADLE and EDWARD TATUM
OSWALD AVERY, COLIN MACLEOD, and MACLYN McCARTY
JOSHUA LEDERBERG and EDWARD TATUM
JAMES WATSON and FRANCIS CRICK
FRANÇOIS JACOB and JACQUES MONOD
PAUL BERG

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54
Q

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Genes and enzymes

A

GEORGE BEADLE AND EDWARD TATUM

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55
Q

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
DNA - hereditary material

A

OSWALD AVERY, COLIN MACLEOD, and MACLYN McCARTY

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56
Q

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Conjugation

A

JOSHUA LEDERBERG and EDWARD TATUM

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57
Q

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
double DNA

A

JAMES WATSON and FRANCIS CRICK

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58
Q

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
mRNA

A

FRANÇOIS JACOB and JACQUES MONOD

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59
Q

MODERN MICROBIOLOGY: RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
recombinant dna technology

A

PAUL BERG

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60
Q

AKA: microbes/mo

A

MICROORGANISMS

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61
Q

• Small organisms that cannot be seen by the naked eye

A

MICROORGANISMS

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62
Q

May be:
– prokaryotic or eukaryotic
– Unicellular, Multicellular or Acellular

A

MICROORGANISMS

63
Q

Types of Microorganisms

A

• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Algae
• Viruses
• Protozoa
• Helminths

64
Q
  • true Nucleus
  • has nuclear membrane
  • linear genes
  • cytoplasm
  • 80svedberg units (ribosomes)
  • mitochondria
  • lysosomes
  • chlorophyll
  • phytosterol cell membrane
  • cell wall ( fungi & plants)
A

EUKARYOTIC

65
Q
  • nucleiod
  • circular genes
  • has cytoplasm
  • 70s (ribosomes)
  • chlorophyll
  • except mycoplasma (cell membrane)
  • bacteria c-peptidoglycan (cell wall)
  • flagella
  • pili
  • capsule
A

PROKARYOTIC

66
Q

CELL WALL
fungi

67
Q

CELL WALL
plants

68
Q

CELL MEMBRANE
plant

A

PHYTOSTEROL

69
Q

CELL MEMBRANE
animal

A

CHOLESTEROL

70
Q

CELL MEMBRANE
fungi

A

ERGOSTEROL

71
Q

BACTERIAL SHAPES

A

COCCI
BACILLI
SPIROCHETES
PLEOMORPHIC

72
Q

BACTERIAL SHAPES
ROUND (berry) shaped bacteria

73
Q

BACTERIAL SHAPES
ROD (little staff) shaped bacteria

74
Q

BACTERIAL SHAPES
SPIRAL shaped bacteria

A

SPIROCHETES

75
Q

BACTERIAL SHAPES
VARIABLE (plasticity) shaped bacteria

A

PLEOMORPHIC

76
Q

BACTERIAL SHAPES
Sphere-shaped

77
Q

BACTERIAL SHAPES
rod shaped

78
Q

BACTERIAL SHAPES
spiral shaped

A

SPIROCHETES

79
Q

BACTERIAL ARRANGEMENT

A

DIPLO
STREP
STAPH

80
Q

BACTERIAL ARRANGEMENT
bacteria in PAIRS

81
Q

BACTERIAL ARRANGEMENT
bacteria in CHAINS

82
Q

BACTERIAL ARRANGEMENT
bacteria in CLUSTERS (grapelike)

83
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall

A

• Glycocalyx
• Flagella
• Axial Filaments
• Fimbriae and Pili
• Cell Wall

84
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall

A

• Cell membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Nucleoid
• Ribosomes
• Endospores

85
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
• Extracellular polymer covering the entire
bacterium and is composed of polysaccharides

A

GLYCOCALYX/CAPSULE/SLIME LAYER

86
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
- the polysaccharide-containing material outside the cell

A

GLYCOCALYX

87
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
- condensed, well-defined layer closely surrounding the cell that excludes particles

88
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
– glycocalyx that is loosely associated with the cell and does not exclude particles

A

SLIME LAYER

89
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
• FUNCTIONS
– Virulence factor (capsule)
– Specific identification for an organism
– Used as antigens in certain vaccines
– Adherence of bacteria to human tissues (glycocalyx/slime layer)

A

GLYCOCALYX/CAPSULE/SLIME LAYER

90
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
• Long, threadlike appendages

91
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Used for locomotion or movement, called chemotaxis “movement of cell —> chemical stimulus”

92
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
• Made up of proteins called “Flagellus”

93
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
• Highly antigenic (H-proteins)

94
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
FLAGELLA TYPES

A

MONOTRICHOUS (1)
AMPHITRICHOUS (2)
IOPHOTRICHOUS (4)
PERITRICHOUS (many)

95
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
• Rigid, shorter and hairlike filaments

96
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
used for adhesion

97
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
• Made up of proteins called “PILIN”

98
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
• Antigenic (colonization antigens)

99
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures Internal to the Cell Wall
• Functions:
– Ordinary pili for adherence to host cells
– Sex pilus for attachment during conjugation process

100
Q
  • fertility cell
  • responsible for creating sex pilus
101
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Outermost component common to all bacteria

102
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Multi-layered structure located external to the cytoplasmic membrane

103
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Components:
– Inner layer of peptidoglycan (peptidoglycan)
– Outer membrane

104
Q

AKA: mucopeptide or murein

A

PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER

105
Q

• Complex, interwoven network that surrounds the entire cell

A

PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER

106
Q

• Composition: Backbone, tetrapeptide side chains and peptide cross-bridges

A

PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER

107
Q

• Functions:
– Provides rigid support for the cell
– Maintains shape of the cell
– Withstands media of low osmotic pressure

A

PEPTIDOGLYCAN LAYER

108
Q

• thick peptidoglycan layer

A

GRAM POSITIVE

109
Q

Gram positive Components:

A

Teichoic acid
Teichuronic acid
Polysaccharides

110
Q

GRAM POSITIVE
– Polymers containing glycerophosphate or ribitol
phosphate;

A

TEICHOIC ACID

111
Q

GRAM POSITIVE
– Acts major surface antigens

A

TEICHOIC ACID

112
Q

GRAM POSITIVE
– Polymer containing sugar acids

A

TEICHURONIC ACID

113
Q

GRAM POSITIVE
– Substitute for teichoic acid

A

TEICHURONIC ACID

114
Q

• thin peptidoglycan layer

A

GRAM NEGATIVE

115
Q

Gram negative Components:

A

• COMPLEX LAYER OF LIPOPROTEIN
• OUTER MEMBRANE
• LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE
• PERIPLASMIC SPACE
• PORINS

116
Q

GRAM NEGATIVE
– Essentially an endotoxin (within bacterial cell)

A

LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE

117
Q

GRAM NEGATIVE
– Components: Lipid A is the toxic component
+ core polysaccharide

A

LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE

118
Q

GRAM NEGATIVE
– Space between outer membrane and cell membrane

A

PERIPLASMIC SPACE

119
Q

GRAM NEGATIVE
– Regulates the passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell
- Anti microbial

120
Q

GRAM NEGATIVE
– Regulates the passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell
- Anti microbial

121
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
AKA: plasma membrane or cell membrane

A

CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

122
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Composed of a phospholipid bilayer that do not contain sterols

A

CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

123
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
Functions:
• Selective permeability and transport of solutes
• Energy generation through electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
• Excretion of hydrolytic exoenzymes
• Synthesis of precursors of the cell wall
• Bearing of receptors and other proteins for chemotactic and sensory transduction systems

A

CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANE

124
Q

• Invagination of the plasma membrane

125
Q

• Plays an important role in cell division
– Origin of the transverse septum that divides the cell in half
– Binding site of DNA that will become the genetic material of each daughter cell

126
Q

• Plays an important role in cell division
– Origin of the transverse septum that divides the cell in half
– Binding site of DNA that will become the genetic material of each daughter cell

127
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
Two distinct areas of cytoplasm

A

AMORPHOUS MATRIX
INNER NUCLEOID REGION

128
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
containing ribosomes, nutrient granules, metabolites and plasmids

A

AMORPHOUS MATRIX

129
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
containing DNA

A

INNER NUCLEOID REGION

130
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Two distinct areas:
– amorphous matrix containing ribosomes, nutrient granules, metabolites and plasmids
– inner nucleoid region containing DNA

131
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures internal to the Cell Wall
• Two distinct areas:
– amorphous matrix containing ribosomes, nutrient granules, metabolites and plasmids
– inner nucleoid region containing DNA

132
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Area in the cytoplasm which contains DNA

133
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Positive for fuelgen stain

134
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• ABSENT: Nuclear membrane and mitotic apparatus

135
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Circular
• Prokaryotic cells are haploid

136
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Extrachromosomal, double stranded circular DNA molecules

137
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Replicates independently of the bacterial chromosome

138
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Integrated in bacterial chromosomes

139
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
MOST IMPORTANT PLASMIDS

A

F-plasmid
R-plasmid

140
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
plasmid (F-plasmid)

A

FERTILITY PLASMID

141
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
plasmid (R-plasmid)

A

RESISTANCE

142
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
plasmid (R-plasmid)

A

RESISTANCE

143
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Sites of protein synthesis

144
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
size: 70s

145
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Serve as storage areas for nutirents

146
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Example:
– volutin or metachromatic granules, a reserve of high energy in the form of polymerized metaphosphate

147
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
AKA: jumping genes

A

TRANSPOSONS

148
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Pieces of DNA that move readily from one site to another
– Within or between bacterial DNA
– Plasmids
– Bacteriophages

A

TRANSPOSONS

149
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Functions:
– Codes for drug resistance enzymes, toxins or other metabolic enzymes

A

TRANSPOSONS

150
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
– Causes mutations in the gene in where they insert

A

TRANSPOSONS

151
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• dormant and highly resistant structures formed in response to adverse conditions

A

ENDOSPORES

152
Q

PARTS OF A BACTERIA
Structures External to the Cell Wall
• Possess a remarkable resistance to:
– Heat
– Dehydration
– Radiation
– Chemicals (Due to: dipicalinic acid)

A

ENDOSPORES

153
Q

Modern chemotheraphy

A

Paul ehrlich
Alexander Fleming
Ernst Boris chain
Howard Walter Florey

154
Q

Modern microbiology

A

Rebecca lancefield
Dimitri iwanowski
Wendell Stanley

MICROBIOLOGY (4 decks)

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