Module 3: Growth & Development & Change Theories Flashcards
Which of the following is not on the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion?
a. creating a supportive environment
b. developing mobility skills
c. reorienting health services
d. Building Health Public Policy
b. developing mobility skills
What would be considered secondary disease prevention?
a. using an inhaler for your COPD
b. getting vaccinated for Hepatitis A
c. Getting tested for HIV
d. Taking an antibiotic for Gonorhea
c, usually secondary disease prevention is scanning
True or False: Health Equality is when you treat everyone with the same measures and hope for the same outcome
a. true
b. false
a. true
Why do we care about Growth & Development?
understanding human development informs nursing care plans and promotes optimal health
What does influence growth and development?
Growth and development are impacted by gender, culture, and sexuality.
- it is not always orderly and predictable
- sociocultural, biological & psychological forces are interacting
What is Genomics?
The study of genes and how they can be altered during growth and development
What is epigenetics?
Factors outside of genes that change cellular function
The three factors impacting physical, mental and behavioural
- intergenerational trauma
- poverty
- stress
What is physical growth?
- Quantitative, measurable
- genetic other influences (socioeconomics)
examples: children generally double their birth weight by 5 months of age & their birth height by 36 months
- growth charts: remember that a single measurement and a single point in time is simply a point in time (the best to plot growth over time for a better picture)
what is Development?
: Refers to change and expansion of ability and advancement in skill from a lower to a more advanced capability
- progressive, continuous
- increasing capacity and skills to function
- qualitative, difficult to measure
- move from simple to complex, general to specific
example: child rolling over to crawling
development patterns:
1) cephalocaudal
: head to toe
- neck and head movement before moving extremities
2) proximodistal
: mid-line to the periphery
- CNS develops before peripheral nervous system
3) differentiation
: simple to complex…
- whole hand grabbing to finger pinching… coo before babble
The sequence is predictable but the exact timing is not….. on their schedule and this is where the environment can influence
What is Screening?
example: (Denver development screening test - Denver II)
- helpful to determine G&D areas of issue for early intervention
- Screening with Immunization is good health practice
How are culture, maturity & opportunity related to Growth and Development?
- culture: such as breastfeeding
- maturity: competence
=> e.g. speaking skills (1 years vs. 5 years old) - opportunity: experiences
What is Growth? (=physical growth)
: refers to a quantifiable change in structure size
- increasing the # and/ or size of the cells, resulting in an increase in the size and weight of the whole or any of its part
- during childhood: physical changes in height, weight and head circumference or growth parameters are measured and recorded regularly
- both the obvious changes in the whole individual and to the increase (and, as we age, decrease) in the size of specific organ systems
- Physical growth is genetically determined but also can be affected by other factors such as socioeconomic status
What is the definition of theories?
An organized, often observable, logical set of statements about a subject
The three types of development theories:
1) Eriksons:
- 8 stages of development (psychosocial)
2) Piagets:
- 4 stages of cognitive development
- 3 stages of moral development
3) Kohlberg
- 6 stages of moral development
What is Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development?
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (1902-1994)
- 8 stages through the lifespan
- each stage = resolution of a conflict
: depends on the resolution of the preceding stage
- recognizes the environment but focuses on the individual mastering the conflict
- conflicts are predominant at stages but exist at all times and may emerge over again in life
- consider nursing implications for the person who is struggling with the successful resolution of a stage
The stages of Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
Stages of psychosocial development
1) infancy
Trust vs. mistrust
2) Early Childhood
autonomy vs. shame and doubt
3) preschool
initiative vs. guilt
4) School Age
industry vs. inferiority
5) Adolescence
identity vs. role confusion
6) young adulthood
intimacy vs. isolation
7) middle adulthood
generativity vs. stagnation
8) maturity
ego integrity vs. despair
Infancy (Trust vs. Mistrust)
Birth - 1 year
teach with anticipatory guidance - prevention with understanding of growth and development stage
focus is on the parents… the baby needs security!
important events: feeding/ comfort
key question: is my world safe?
outcome: children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust
☀️ anticipatory guidance: given by the health care provider to assist parents or guardians in the understanding of the expected growth and development of their children.
Early Childhood (autonomy vs. shame and doubt)
1 year - 3 years
Learning about independence & self-confidence.
Teach with empathetic guidance
important events: toilet training/ dressing
Key question: can I do things by myself or need I always rely on others?
Outcome: children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feeling of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt.
Preschool (initiative vs. guilt)
3 years - 6 years
teach about cooperation and control, helping them learn about independence
Important events: exploration/ play
Key questions: am I good or bad?
Outcome: Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this state leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt.
School Age (industry vs. inferiority)
6 years - 11 years
allow for opportunities, helping them learn about interests and challenges
Important events: school/ activities
key question: how can I be good
outcome: children need to cope with new social and academic demands. success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feeling or inferiority.
Adolescence (identity vs. role confusion)
the ages of 12 and 18
- they explore their independence and develop a sense of self
- Who I am = personal identity
- important to the process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction in life
- the development of ego identity
important event: social relationship/ identity
key question: who am I and where am I going?
outcome: teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a week sense of self.
Young Adulthood (intimacy vs. isolation)
Young adult years from 18 to 35
- can I give myself to another
- learn to be part of society
- learn their own identity and develop close relationships.
- need social support networks
important event: Intimate relationship
key question: Am I loved and wanted?
Outcome: Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships while failure results in loneliness and isolation.
Middle adulthood (generativity vs. stagnation)
Middle age from 35 to 65
- expanding within society and supporting the future.
- nurses can support social interactions
Important events: work and parenthood
key questions: will I provide something of real value?
outcome: adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.
Maturity (ego integrity vs. despair)
(END)
65+
reflection
- nurses can practice WITHOUT ageism.
- showing respect, value and involvement
Important events: reflection on life
key questions: have I lived a full life
outcome: older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. success at this state leads to a feeling of wisdom, while failure results in retreat, bitterness and despair.
What is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development: Theory I
Piaget (1896-1980)
- 4 periods of time, experienced by all cultures (in theory)
- children making meaning of the physical world
- through to adults learning to cope with health changes
- Maturation, dependent on opportunity, stimulation and challenge
- Spontaneous process where the individual plays an active role in the development
what is assimilation
making sense of new information
: the process of making sense of new info in comparison to what is already known
what is accomodation
new ways of thinking, adjusting to new health challenges (elderly, or physical change due to accident)
: the process of adapting existing ways of thinking to a new experience or new info
= process of adaptation to new info or experience
The stages of piaget’s theory of cognitive development: theory I
Cultural was not considered with this theory
1) sensorimotor (0-2 years)
2) preoperational (2-6 years)
3) concrete operational (7-12 years)
4) formal operational (12 years - adult)
Addresses the development of children’s intellectual organization and how they think, reason, perceive, and make meaning of the physical world
- acknowledged that biological maturation plays a role in this developmental theory
- but believed that rates of development depend on intellectual stimulation and challenges in the person’s environment
what is the stage of sensorimotor (0-2 years)?
the infant explores the world through direct sensory and motor contact. Object permanence and separation anxiety develop during this stage.
