Module 3- gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are reciprocally regulated

Question 1

how are glycolysis and gluconeogenesis regulated

Answer 1

-in a coordinated and reciprocal way
-when one is activated the other is inhibited
-when glucose is abundent glycolysis is favored, when glucose is scarce, gluconeogenesis is predominent
-controlled through key regulatory enzymes in each path

Question 2

what is the major point of regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis and how are they regulated

Answer 2

glu- step where fructose 1,6-bisP is converted to fructose 6-P catalyzed by fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase
gly- conversion of fructose 6-P to fructose 1,6 bisP catalyzed by phosphofructokinase
-both are regulated in the liver by biomoles that reflect the energy change in the cell

Question 3

what does AMP activate, stimulate, inhibit and slow

Answer 3

-phosphofrucokinase thus stimulates glycolysis and produces ATP
-it inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphate thereby slowing glucogenesis

Question 4

under low energy state in the cell what metabolic process would be favored

Answer 4

glycolysis

Question 5

what effect would fructose 2,6-bisP have

Answer 5

-simular to under low E state of cell the net flux would highly favour glycolysis
-the concentration increases in the fed state, when one would want to metabolize glucose available

Question 6

what effect does citrate have on the metabolic processes

Answer 6

-it reflects high energy in the cell so inhibits phosphofructokinase
-stimulates fructose 1,6-bisphosphotase
-signals for a net flux in the direction of gluconeogenesis

Question 7

what are points if reciprocal regulation

Answer 7

-major point: in glu where fructose 1,6-bisP is converted to fructose 6-p catalyzed by fructose 1,6-bisP
in gly opposite but its catlyzed by phosphofructokinase
-the intercoverstion of pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate

Question 8

what is pyruvate kinase inhibited, and inhibited by

Answer 8

-inhibited by biomolecs that refelect high energy changes (ATP, alanine)
-high levels of ADP inhibit conversion of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate
-which leads to the favoring of glycolysis and ATP production

Question 9

what are the effects of allosteric regulators dependent on

Answer 9

the concentration. the higher the concentration the greater the effect and vise versa
-effects are rarely all or nothing

Question 10

how does the liver maintain blood sugar

Answer 10

by adjusting the rates of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis