Module 1- Metabolic pathways contain recurring mofits

Question 1

what are the big pictures you can ask your self when looking at a all metabolic pathways

Answer 1

-what is the goal
-how is energy obtained
-or in the case of many biosynthetic reactions how is this path regulated

Question 2

many activated carriers are…

Answer 2

small organic molecules that function as coenzymes

Question 3

what kinds of fuels do we oxidize? which generates electrons where do they get passed onto

Answer 3

-we oxidize fuels such as fatty acids and carbohydrates

-eventually electrons are passed to the ultimate acceptor, O2

Question 4

when we oxidize fuels does where do the electrons generated go

Answer 4

they are passed to the ultimate electron acceptor O2 however this doesnt happen right away instead the electrons released form oxidation of fuels are transferred to special carriers, and the reduced froms of these carriers then transfer the electrons to oxygen

Question 5

what are some of the special carriers that carry electrons to O2

Answer 5

NAD+ a pryidine, and FAD a flavin

Question 6

what are the oxidized and reduced forms of NAD+

Answer 6

NAD+ is the oxidized and NADH is reduced

Question 7

what are the oxidized and reduced forms of FAD

Answer 7

FAD is the oxidized and FADH2 is the reduced

Question 8

in biosynthetic reactions is the precursor molecule usually more or less oxidized then the final product

Answer 8

it is usually more oxidized

Question 9

what is referred to as the reducing power

Answer 9

the precursor molecules are usually more oxidized then the final product so there is a need for electrons (often referred to as reducing power) as well as ATP

Question 10

in biological systems what is the primary electron donor used in biosynthetic processes

Answer 10

NADPH

Question 11

what is the oxidized and reduced form of NADPH

Answer 11

reduced form is NADPH and oxidized is NADP+

Question 12

what different reactions the NADH and NADPH are used for

Answer 12

NADH is used primary for the generation of ATP while NADPH is used for reductive biosynthesis, even though both are providers of electrons

Question 13

how is coenzyme A a carrier of

Answer 13

it is the carrier of 2-carbon units termed acetyl groups as well as longer carbon units referred to as acyl groups

Question 14

what vitamin does coenzyme A have attached

Answer 14

it contains a pantothenic acid moiety which is a B vitiman

Question 15

what is the Acetyl groups important for and where are they attached on Coenzyme A

Answer 15

-they are important in both catabolism and anabolism
-they are attached through the reactive sulfhydryl group to form the molecule acetyl CoA

Question 16

what is the free energy of the hydrolysis of acetyl CoA

Answer 16

it has a very large negative standard free energy change. thus is very thermodynamically favorable. thus the transfer of acetyl groups to other compounds is exergonic

Question 17

what vitamin are activated carriers usually derived form

Answer 17

vitimin B

Question 18

what are activated carriers of electrons for fuel oxidation, electrons for biosynthesis, and two-carbon fragments

Answer 18

NAD+/FAD, NADPH, CoA