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PDHPE > Module 3: First Aid > Flashcards

Module 3: First Aid Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main priority when addressing a first aid situation?

A

minimising the harm to:
*yourself
*bystanders
*the casualty

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2
Q

What does DRSABCD stand for?

A

*Danger: check for dangers to yourself, bystanders, and the casualty.

*Response: Assess level of consciousness, ask name, squeeze shoulders.

*Send for help: Call 000 for an ambulance or ask a bystander.

*Airway: open, clear and maintain casualty’s airway. Check for signs of life.

*Breathing: Look, listen, feel. If breathing, place in recovery position. If not, place on back + CPR

*CPR: Give chest compressions followed by rescue breaths at ratio of 30:2.

*Defibrillator: where possible, ensure a defibrillator is utilised as quickly as possible. shock the heart into rhythm.

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3
Q

What is the STOP regime?

A

Stop - activity
Talk - to the person
Observe - casualties physical state
Prevent further injury - treat injury, direct to medical assistance

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4
Q

RICER acronym

A

-Rest
-Ice
-Compression
-Elevation
-Referral

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5
Q

When is the STOP regime used?

A

Evaluation of suspected injuries following an activity

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6
Q

Crisis management (identify)

A

− cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
− bleeding
− shock
− neck and spinal injury
− moving the casualty
− medical referral
− care of the unconscious casualty

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7
Q

(Crisis management) Bleeding

A

Observe wound to see what has been damaged
*Artery-bright red, spurt
*Vein- darker and flow is not as forceful
*Capillary- it will tend to ooze.
-first 2 life threatening

use PER method
-Pressure
-Elevation
-Rest

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8
Q

(crisis management) Shock
What are the causes of shock?
What is the body response to it?
How do you manage it?

A

sudden drop in blood flow through body

Cause:
-Loss of blood from a wound
-Loss of fluid, as happens with dehydration, burns and bleeding
-Heart attack
-Being involved in an accident

Management:
● Use DRSABCD action plan
● Lie casualty down + elevate legs

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9
Q

(crisis management)
What are the signs and symptons of neck and spinal injuries?
Management?

A

The signs and symptoms of a neck or spinal injury are:
* pain at or below the site of the injury
* loss of movement
* lack of movement below the site of the injury
* tingling in the hands or feet.

Management:
-immobilise patient
-manage for shock-
-stabilise neck by holding head straight/neck brace,
-monitor casualty
-DRSABCD minimising movement

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10
Q

(crisis management)
How to move a casualty?

A
  • Work through the DRSABCD regime.
    tell them what you intend doing. Seek their help when you move them.
  • Ensure that fractures have been immobilised and other injuries such as burns or punctures treated.
  • If you need to lift the injured person, use your leg muscles and keep your back straight.
  • Hold the patient firmly and communicate
  • Stop as often as is necessary.
  • Minimise movement of the neck and spinal cord.
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11
Q

(crisis management)
When should a casualty be sent to the hospital?

A

*CPR was required
*The patient was unconscious at some stage
*Conditions such as a heart attack or spinal injury were suspected

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12
Q

What are the 11 major types of injuries?

A

− cuts and lacerations
− fractures
− dislocations
− head injuries and concussion
− eye injuries
− nasal injuries
− burn injuries
− teeth injuries
− electrocution
− chest injuries
− abdominal injuries

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13
Q

What are the types, signs, symptoms and management of cuts and lacerations?

A

*Abrasions:
S&S: scraped skin caused by a fall on a hard surface
M: cleanse and sterile, dressing

*Open wounds:
S&S: incisions and lacerations M: DRSABCD, pressure, cleanse, dressing, medical attention

*Penetrating wounds:
S&S: bullet etc
M: control bleeding using pressure, clean, dressing, medical, don’t remove object

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14
Q

What are the types, signs, symptoms and management of Fractures?

A

broken bones (closed, open, complication)

symptoms:
-sound
-pain
-swelling deformity
-loss of power and movement.

management-
-DRSABCD
-control bleeding
-immobilise with a sling or splint
-treat for shock
-seek medical attention

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15
Q

What are dislocations?
The signs, symptoms and management ?

A

bone being dislodged from the joint

S&S:
-swelling
-discolouration
-pain
-deformity
-tenderness
-inability to move

management:
-DRSABCD
-ice
-elevate
-medical attention

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16
Q

What are the signs, symptoms and management of head injuries and concussions?

A

S&S:
-blurred vision
-memory loss
-headache
-pupil size change
-bleeding from ears
-abnormal responses

Management:
-DRSABCD
-support head and neck
-keep airway open
-recovery position
-no pressure to head
-seek medical attention

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17
Q

What are the signs, symptoms and management of eye injuries?

A

S&S:
-irritation
-watering
-redness
-pain
-inability to open

Management:
-don’t rub or remove objects
-lay lateral
-cover eyes
-seek medical attention

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18
Q

What are the signs, symptoms and management of nasal injuries?

A

S&S:
-pain
-swelling
-deformity
-bruising

Management:
-breathe through mouth
-don’t blow nose
-sit with head and shoulders leaning forwards
-seek medical attention
-pressure on soft part of nose

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19
Q

Burns caused by?
What are the signs, symptoms and management of burns?

A

can be caused by fire, chemicals, electricity, radiation

S&S:
-severe pain
-swelling
-redness
-blistering
-shock

Management:
-remove casualty from danger
-DRSABCD
-run under cold water
-remove jewellery and clothing
-don’t break any blisters or apply creams

20
Q

What are the signs, symptoms and management of teeth injuries?

A

S&S:
-bleeding from the mouth
-dislodged tooth

Management:
-keep tooth in place
-if knocked out, place in milk or saliva
-seek medical attention
-ensure hygiene to keep the tooth

21
Q

What are the signs, symptoms and management of electrocution?

A

S&S:
-unconsciousness
-wires may be visible
-burning
-numbness
-tingling

Management:
-DRSABCD
-cool burnt area under running water
-seek urgent medical attention

22
Q

What are the signs, symptoms and management of chest injuries?

A

May range from bruised or fractured ribs to lung injuries

S&S:
-pain when breathing and coughing
-difficulty breathing
-tenderness when touched

Management:
-place in comfortable position
-encourage shallow breathing

23
Q

What are the signs, symptoms and management of abdominal injuries?

A

S&S:
-shock
-pain in the region
-nausea, vomiting
-difficulty breathing

Management:
-DRSABCD
-loosen clothing
-lie on back
-seek medical attention

24
Q

What are the 9 major types of medical conditions
BASEHEAD

A

-heart attack
-stroke
-diabetes
-epilepsy
-asthma
-anaphylaxes
-poisoning
-bites and stings
-exposure to heat and cold

25
Q

Heart attack:
What are the signs, symptoms, and management?

A

Heart ceases function due to inadequate blood supply.

S&S:
-pain
-tightness or heaviness in chest
-pale, sweaty
-breathless

Management:
-DRSABCD

26
Q

Stroke:
What are the signs, symptoms, and management?

A

Blockage of blood to brain

S&S:
-unconsciousness
-loss of movement
-slurred speech
-blurred vision
-irregular pupils
-possible seizures

Management:
-DRSABCD
-seek help

27
Q

Diabetes:
What are the signs, symptoms, and management?

A

Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar)
S&S:
-rapid pulse
-hunger
-profuse sweating
-trembling
-dizziness

Management:
-DRSABCD
-only give glucose if conscious

Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar)
S&S:
-rapid pulse
-thirst
-drowsiness
-frequent urinating

Management:
-DRSABCD
-if conscious, allow self administration of insulin

28
Q

Epilepsy:
What are the signs, symptoms, and management?

A

S&S:
-spasms
-unconsciousness
-frothing at mouth

Management:
-DRSABCD

29
Q

Asthma:
What are the signs, symptoms, and management?

A

Narrowing of airways.

S&S:
-wheezing noises
-fast, shallow breathing
-difficulty exhaling
-excessive throat clearing
-tightness in chest
-sweating and paleness

Management:
- 4x4 asthma plan, 4 puffs of asthma inhaler

30
Q

Anaphylaxes:
What are the signs, symptoms, and management?

A

Severe allergic reaction

S&S:
-Breathing difficulties
-swollen tongue and face
-swelling or tightness in throat
-difficulty talking
-hives, welts or body redness

Management:
-DRSABCD
-Management plan
-Epipen
-seek help

31
Q

Poisoning:
What are the signs, symptoms, and management?

A

S&S:
-headache
-blurred vision
-vomiting
-nausea
-drowsiness

Management:
-DRSABCD
-seek medical assistance

32
Q

Bites and stings:
What are the signs, symptoms, and management?

A

Snake bite
S&S:
-bite marks
-pain at site
-headache
-rapid pulse
-difficulty breathing
-swelling
-sweating

Management:
-DRSABCD
-apply pressure immobilisation bandage
-seek medical assistance
-rest

33
Q

Exposure to heat and cold:
What are the signs, symptoms, and management?

A

*Hyperthermia (high body temp)
S&S:
-headache
-rapid pulse
-dizziness
-clammy, pale skin

Management:
-DRSABCD
-rest in shaded area
-provide cool water
-apply ice to cool

Hypothermia (low body temp)
S&S:
-shivering
-weak pulse
-slurred speech
-shallow breathing
-slow response to intructions

Management:
-DRSABCD
-protect from elements
-remove wet clothes, warm blankets
-provide warm fluid
-seek medical attention

34
Q

What are different examples of slings?

A

-Triangular bandage
-arm sling
-collar and cuff
-elevation sling
-immobilisation bandage

35
Q

(Physical environment)
Traffic accidents-
safety issues & protective strategies

A

Must be aware of potential danger from:
-Oncoming traffic
-Fallen electricity wires
-Flammable liquids such as LPG, gas and petrol
-Glass and debris
-Fire

Protective strategies:
-Provide protective barrier - park vehicle between traffic & accident
-Turn hazard lights on
-Place warning signal or send a person to warn traffic
-turn ignition off
-light the area with low beam

After:
-assess dangers
-DRSABCD
-don’t move casualty unless:
-there’s evidence of increasing shock
-obstruction to airways
-fire
-bleeding that needs to be attended

36
Q

(Physical environment)
Water
safety issues & protective strategies

A

Rescuer must be aware of:
-their ability to swim
-hazardous objects not visible
-dangerous rips and currents (stay within flags)
-water temperature
-changes in weather conditions
-desperation of drowning person and their potential to cause difficulty to rescuer

Protective strategies:
-sending for help immediately
-not placing yourself at risk
-use ropes, branches, and floatation device where possible

37
Q

(Physical environment)
Electricity-
safety issues & protective strategies

A

Rescuer needs to:
-be aware of deadly nature of electricity

Protective strategies:
-Not touching objects in contact with power lines
-Turn power off at source

38
Q

Infection control and protection
There is a risk of cross-infection when administering first aid (CPR or managing wounds). Illnesses that can be transferred include:

A

*HIV/AIDS
*Blood-borne viruses (Hepatits B and C)

39
Q

Procedures that reduce the risk of contact with bodily fluids in first aid settings

A
  • Using disposable plastic gloves
    -Cover casualty face with face mask before CPR
    -Cover sores, grazes, cuts, abrasions, incisions
    -Wash hands and any surfaces that made contact with the casualty ASAP after treatment
40
Q

What are the legal implications?

A

E.G Occupational Health and Safety legislation, litigation

○ Litigation → must administer first aid within training, first-aid must be reasonable
○ Occupational health → entails minimum standard requirements, workplaces have obligation to provide first aid to employees, have correct equipment and record all injuries/treatments

41
Q

What are the moral obligations?

A

, eg duty of care, responsible citizenship
○ Responsible citizenship → help and provide assistance to best of ability
○ Empathise with casualty

42
Q

What is the Good Samaritan Clause?
(Legal and moral dilemmas)

A

If the person lending assistance does so in good will, and without fraud, collusion, participation in the injury or expectation of monetary rewards, they are exempt from legal action.
If their ability to administer aid was impacted by alcohol or drugs is different.

43
Q

What is a duty of care and how are the legal implications different to a random witness?
(Legal and moral dilemmas)

A

Sufficient relationship- teacher owes a duty of care to students, employer to employee, driver to passengers and other road users. They have responsibility for their safety and first aid.

44
Q

What is consent and touch?
(Legal and moral dilemmas)

A

If possible, must provide consent before first aid.

If they are unconscious, consent is assumed

Parents must provide consent for their children unless there is risk of life

45
Q

What is common sense versus heroics
(Legal and moral dilemmas)

A

-Prevention of personal injury
-don’t try and be a hero
-asses situation properly

46
Q

What is debriefing?
(Legal and moral dilemmas)

A

○ Take time to ensure full picture is gathered
○ Make all descriptions as accurate as possible
○ Remain impartial and describe incident exactly as it occured

47
Q

What is counselling?
(Legal and moral dilemmas)

A

○ Provides the opportunity to work through situations and dispel feelings of blame
○ If life is lost, rescuers should not feel that the blame rests with them if they acted
within their ability level.

PDHPE (4 decks)

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